长江口邻近水域浮游植物群落动态变化及其环境因子的研究

根据1998-2003年长江口邻近水域(30°-32°N,121°27′-122°30′E),丰水期和枯水期10个航次、20个点位的海洋监测结果,对浮游植物动态变化及其环境影响因子进行了研究。6年内共检出浮游植物238种,其中大部分为硅藻。研究结果表明,深水航道附近水域中,浮游植物种类、丰度和生物多样性均呈下降趋势。相反,航道内浮游植物总丰度呈直线上升(R=0.81,P<0.05)。对航道内12个环境因子做主成分分析,盐度、溶解氧、硅酸盐和浊度为主要环境主要因子。其中浊度和硅酸盐与浮游植物群落变化关系密切,是影响浮游植物群落动态变化的关键因子,并受深水航道工程影响。     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为（44.08±34.61）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%,9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺）,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是主要的离子组分,占总水溶性无机离子浓度的75.6%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）年均值为1.53±0.88,表明移动污染源对PM_2.5的贡献高于固定污染源.水溶性无机离子相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺与NO₃^-、SO₄^2-可能以（NH₄）₂ SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.结合主成分分析,水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化、工业源、生物质燃烧和扬尘.PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度在冬季呈显著正相关,水汽传输在冬季更容易对PM_2.5浓度增长有促进作用.     

上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为探究上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素,于2018年9～10月(秋季)和2019年7～8月(夏季)对上海中心城区、新城镇和农村地区河道总计44个样点的水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查.结果表明:①秋季和夏季浮游植物种类均以绿藻门为主,其次为蓝藻和硅藻;浮游植物密度以蓝藻占据绝对优势;浮游植物种类和密度均是夏季秋季,分别高出24%和2.77倍,硅藻门种类略微上升,而裸藻门种类稍微下降;秋季微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)优势度明显(Y=0.16),而夏季则无占绝对优势的优势种.②各地区浮游植物种数无明显变化;浮游植物密度和蓝藻门密度均呈现农村新城镇中心城区的规律,秋季3个地区的浮游植物密度无显著差异(P0.05),而在夏季农村所有浮游植物和蓝藻门密度显著高于中心城区(P0.05),分别高出1.82和1.93倍.③蒙特卡洛检验结果表明,影响秋季和夏季浮游植物群落结构的主要因子分别为透明度(SD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、浊度(Turb)和TN、 Turb、 SD、 pH.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,秋季新城镇河道浮游植物群落结构主要受Turb、 TN和TP的影响,农村河道则主要受SD的影响,而夏季新城镇和农村河道浮游植物均主要受TN、 Turb的影响.两次调查时中心城区浮游植物的影响因素均较为复杂.     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.     

SOME EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE CONTROLS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN

Governmental agencies have been instrumental in the construction of numerous dams and other control structures in the small watersheds of the State of Mississippi. Although some of the consequences are predictable, there are some effects which are not yet well defined. This paper concerns the physical effects of such works on a particular stream and its channel. As was anticipated, peak discharges appear to have been somewhat reduced. Changes in channel cross-section depend, to some extent, upon location along the stream. However, there appears to have been a narrowing of the channel in that portion of the stream for which cross-sections were available.     

Eutrophication and algal blooms in channel type reservoirs: A novel enclosure experiment by changing light intensity

To explore eutrophication and algal bloom mechanisms in channel type reservoirs, a novel enclosure experiment was conducted by changing light intensity (LI) in the Daning River of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Square enclosures (side 5.0 m) were covered on the surface with shading materials of different thickness, and with their bases open to the river. Changes and characteristics of the main eutrophication factors under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions but different LI were evaluated. All experimental water samples were neutral and alkalescent, with high nitrogen and phosphate concentrations, low potassium permanganate index, stable water quality, and different LI. At the same water depth, LI decreased with increasing shade material, while dissolved oxygen and water temperature were both stable. The growth peak of phytoplankton was with light of 345-4390 lux underwater or 558-7450 lux above the water surface, and water temperature of 25.6-26.5℃. Algae were observed in all water samples, accounting for 6 phylum and 57 species, with algal density changing frequently. The results showed that significantly strong or weak light was unfavorable for phytoplankton growth and the function together with suitable temperature and LI and ample sunshine encouraged algal blooms under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that algae reduced gradually lengthwise along water depth in the same enclosure while pH became high. The power exponent relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and LI was found by curve fitting, that is Chl-a = K(LI)ⁿ.     

氧化沟弯道水流特性研究

通过建立一定水深下的氧化沟弯道水流平面二维数学模型,对弯道的流速分布进行模拟研究,对比分析了设置导流墙前后的水流流速变化情况,探讨了氧化沟设置偏置导流墙的机理。     

改建铁路沪汉蓉通道襄樊至安康段增建第二线关于环保问题的方案选线

改建铁路沪汉蓉通道襄樊至安康段增建第二线铁路原设计增建第二线线路全长361.824km,其中Dzk67+480-D zk79+480段有12km经过武当山风景名胜区。为相应国家环境保护的号召,为了尽量减少工程建设对武当山风景名胜景区古建筑群的影响,工程在选线过程中绕避古建筑群,以隧道隐蔽工程穿过,且对原生态环境影响最小。     

以河网作为城市水源的污染问题和湿地净化

杭嘉湖某市地处长江三角洲,其饮用水水源来自河道水网.近年来由于上游经济发展迅速,环境保护相对滞后,水网水质下降严重.河道水网具有污染源多,水动力学条件复杂多变,控制困难等特点.为保障供水安全,该市在新塍塘的水厂进水口前建设了"生态型水质净化湿地系统".它的总面积为110hm2,由预处理区、根孔净化区、泵提升和曝气充氧区、深度净化区(湖系统)组成.监测结果表明,该湿地使原水水质显著提高,其中氨氮去除率达到32.5%.同时湿地系统还具有贮存大量原水缓冲水厂供应、提供清新空气、为很多物种提供栖息地等多种生态服务功能.     

水污染物排放总量控制方法研究--以无锡城北地区为例

水环境已经成为整个苏南地区经济发展的制约因素之一,为实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展,对水污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要。在对无锡城北地区水污染物负荷、水环境现状及水环境功能充分调查的基础上,结合该区域的水文特征和排水规划,统计分析出区域内水污染物的排放总量,根据污水集中处理方案,计算出区域水污染物的削减量,然后运用河网水质模型,预测水污染物削减后河流水质改善状况,以改善后水环境质量为本底值,以下游水环境保护目标的环境功能为控制要求,反推该区域在污水实行集中处理后所能接纳的水污染物排放总量。通过科学计算得知区域水环境纳污能力为19.8 t/d,由此确定的经济规模有限,必将制约地方经济的发展,提出了扩大水环境纳污能力的有效途径,并提出了建设无锡地区污水入江通道的设想。