Spatial Variability of Pool-Tail Fines in Mountain Gravel-Bed Stream Affects Grid-Count Results1

Bunte, Kristin, John P. Potyondy, Kurt W. Swingle, and Steven R. Abt, 2012. Spatial Variability of Pool-Tail Fines in Mountain Gravel-Bed Stream Affects Grid-Count Results. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 530-545. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00629.x Abstract: Fine sediment (<2 and <6 mm) particles underlying a 49-intersection grid placed on a streambed at 25, 50, and 75% of the wetted pool-tail width are commonly counted to assess the status and trend of aquatic ecosystems or to monitor changes in the supply of fines in mountain gravel-bed streams. However, results vary even when crews perform nearly identical procedures. This study hypothesized that spatial variability of pool-tail fines affects grid-count results and that a sampling scheme can be optimized for precision and accuracy. Grid counts taken at seven evenly spaced locations across the wetted width of 10 pool tails in a pool-riffle study stream indicated a bankward fining trend with secondary peaks of fines within the stream center. Sampling locations close to the waterlines harbored more than twice as many fines as central locations. Most of the five grid-count schemes derived from the seven sampled locations produced significantly different results. Compared with sampling at all seven locations, schemes that focus near waterlines overpredicted fines, while those that focus on the center underpredicted them. Variability of fines among pool tails was the highest within a broad band along the waterlines; hence, focusing sampling there yielded the most variable results. The scheme sampling at 25, 50, and 75% of the wetted width had the lowest precision and moderate accuracy. Accuracy and precision of grid-count results can be greatly improved by sampling at seven even-spaced locations across the pool tail.     

Assessment of nematode community structure as a bioindicator in river monitoring

Nematode communities from river water and sediments were assessed for the abundance, feeding types, maturity indices and nematode channel ratio (NCR). The sampling sites studied included different levels of pollution and contamination from agricultural, industrial and sewage sources. The nematode abundance found in the sediment samples was more than that in the water samples. The lowest nematode abundance in sediment samples and the lowest NCR in water samples were both found at the industrial pollution site. Water samples showed positive correlation between the NCR and river pollution index (RPI). Mean maturity indices in sediment samples were inversely correlated with RPI. The pollutant source determined the relationship between NCR and pollution level, while maturity index always showed negative correlation with pollutant level regardless of the pollutant sources. The nematode abundance and its community structure were both reliable bioindicators for monitoring long-term river pollution in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.     

Design of Experimental Streams for Simulating Headwater Stream Restoration1

Huang, Jung-Chen, William J. Mitsch, and Andrew D. Ward, 2010. Design of Experimental Streams for Simulating Headwater Stream Restoration. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00467.x Abstract: Headwater streams flowing through agricultural fields in the midwestern United States have been extensively modified to accommodate subsurface drainage systems, resulting in deepened, straightened, and widened streams. To restore these headwater streams, partial or total reconstruction of channels is frequently attempted. There are different approaches to reconstructing the channel, yet there is little evidence that indicates which promises more success and there has been no experimental work to evaluate these approaches. This study designs three experimental channels – two-stage, self-design, and straightened channels – on a human-created swale at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, Columbus, Ohio, for long-term evaluation of headwater stream evolution after restoration. The swale receives a continuous flow of pumped river water from upstream wetlands. Using streamflow and stage data for the past 12 years, a channel-forming discharge of 0.18 m³/s was estimated from bankfull discharge, effective discharge, and recurrence interval. These stream channels, after construction, will be monitored to evaluate physical, chemical, and biological responses to different channels over a decade-long experiment. We hypothesize that the three stream restoration designs will eventually evolve to a similar channel form but with different time periods for convergence. Monitoring the frequency and magnitude of changes over at least 10 years is needed to document the most stable restored channel form.     

泥石流入汇对河流河床演变的影响

通过对现有文献资料的总结,探讨了泥石流入汇后随主河水流运动的几种可能形态和运动特点,分析了主河河床的演变情况,并提出按主支流水沙相互作用的大小,将主河河床演变分为弯曲、摆动和急流－深潭3种类型;对不同类型河流河床演变进行了分析,为进行泥石流入汇对主河水流运动与河床演变影响的研究奠定了基础。     

京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM2.5污染的死亡效应评估

基于Web of science数据库搜集的1442篇文献资料,采用Meta分析方法确定PM_(2.5)污染与居民不同健康终点之间的暴露反应系数.在此基础上,本文选取2015年PM_(2.5)浓度遥感数据、公里格网人口数据及人口死亡统计数据,借助Poisson回归模型评估京津冀大气污染传输通道城市1 km×1 km尺度上PM_(2.5)污染的死亡效应.结果表明:①PM_(2.5)污染与人口总死亡率、循环系统疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率和肺癌死亡率等存在显著的暴露反应关系,其中,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg·m~(-3),对应健康终点死亡率分别上升5.67%(95%Confidence Interval(CI):3.87%～8.29%)、6.93%(95%CI:3.92%～12.25%)、4.78%(95%CI:1.31%～17.51%)和9.55%(95%CI:3.67%～24.86%).②PM_(2.5)污染成为诱致人口死亡的重要因素,2015年京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM_(2.5)污染造成的死亡人数为307599人,占据总死亡人数的28.64%.其中,死于循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和肺癌的人数分别为183084、21096和32203人.③实施严格的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标将给居民带来极大的健康收益,如果能够达成世界卫生组织4个阶段的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标,京津冀大气污染传输通道城市可避免的死亡人数分别为144236、197167、253180和282401人,与基准年相比分别下降46.89%、64.10%、82.31%和91.81%.     

长江干流近岸沉积物重金属的空间分布及风险评估

采集长江干流上、中、下游人口分布密集的主要城市江段、三峡库区等19个监测断面的近岸沉积物样品,分别分析了枯水期和丰水期沉积物样品中砷、汞、铜、铅、镉、锌和锰等重金属含量在长江干流上的分布特征.结果表明,枯水期,砷和铅在三峡库区寸滩断面含量最大,铜和汞在入江口含量最大.丰水期,长江干流最上游的两个监测断面汞、砷、铜、铅4种重金属含量均较低;三峡库区砷、铜、铅3种重金属总量均较大,汞含量也较高.依据相平衡分配法和沉积物污染指数法(SPI),选取铜和铅两项参数,对长江干流近岸沉积物质量进行风险评估,结果显示,长江干流19个监测断面近岸沉积物等级均为Ⅰ类,但入江口沉积物污染指数(SPI)值最大.     

一体化氧化沟固液分离和回流机理探讨

论述了一体化氧化沟中固液分离和污泥回流的基本原理，提出了固液分离器的表面负荷ＳＯＲ与污泥层厚度、回流污泥浓度等有关，计算模型为ＳＯＲ＝１１＋Ｒ·ＨｗＴ·ＣｕＣ０．固液分离器与二沉池的功效显著不同，所需面积远低于二沉池，在固液分离器内不发生污泥压缩、回流及时，不易受污泥沉降性能影响，是值得推荐的一体化氧化沟固液分离方式．     

三亚电厂码头航道泥沙洄淤预测

本文从波浪掀沙和潮流输沙问题入手，对三亚电厂码头二种拟建方案的航道泥沙洄淤进行了预测。预测结果表明：航道的淤积强度呈自北向南递增的趋势，航道的南段淤积最重。在航道的北段，长山村方案淤积较重；在航道的南段，梅村方案的淤积较重。总体上看，二种方案均不属严重淤积。如果根据两种方案的洄淤分布特征对航道走向做适当调整，可望进一步改善航道的防淤效果。     

Aggression and fighting ability are correlated in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus cortezi: the advantage of being barless

Males of the swordtail fish Xiphophorus cortezi are polymorphic for the pigment pattern vertical bars. Previous studies indicate that barred males exhibit higher levels of aggression towards males with bars than those without, while barless males fail to exhibit differential levels of aggression to either morph. In this study I matched barred and barless males for size and paired them in dyadic contests in order to determine if either morph was more dominant and if so, if dominance was the result of higher aggression levels. I found that barless males had higher bite frequencies and were able to win a majority of the contests while barred males consistently escalated to biting first, even though in most cases they were ultimately the losers. In order to determine whether the observed aggression levels and fighting abilities were inherent to being barless or a consequence of responses to the bars themselves, the dyads were re-paired once after barless males were given temporary bars and once after barred males had their bars removed. Thus, each morph encountered his opponent in both a barred and barless state. Regardless of bar state, naturally barless males continued to be more aggressive and more dominant than their barred counterparts. In addition, naturally barred males only won contests in which they bit more. These results indicate that for this species, aggression is an important component of winning contests when opponents are roughly the same size. As a result, naturally barless males as a whole appear to have higher resource holding potential (RHP) than naturally barred males of the same size because of their greater aggression levels.     

航道疏浚对珠江口附近海洋生态环境影响及预防措施

广州港航道疏浚工程中开挖和处理底泥会产生大量悬浮物，悬浮物及其含有的各种污染物将影响珠江口近海洋生态和渔业。本文主要介绍污染情况以及预防措施。通过扩散实验认为与航道疏浚工程有一定的污染，但是影响不大。通过施工前及施工期间监测结果相对照，认为航道疏浚工程对珠江口附近海洋生态环境基本没有产生大的影响，疏浚工程所采取的环保措施是极为有效的。