基因芯片在环境毒理学研究中的应用进展

基因芯片可以将大量的DNA信息集成到 1cm2 左右的芯片上 ,对生命信息具有大规模平行处理的能力 ,为环境毒理学研究提供了一个理想的平台。基因芯片可以精确地完成污染物对人类基因表达影响的分析 ,并对污染物进行分类与分级 ,筛选毒物靶标和确定毒性机理。本文描述了基因芯片技术、毒理学应用研究现状及应用前景。引用文献 2 9篇。     

装备外部冷却方法及在环境试验中的应用概述

首先简述了机载电子装备冷却的基本要素。其次,详细介绍了机载电子装备环控通风冷却、液体冷却方式的具体要求及不同的接口方式。然后,通过实例介绍了装备的不同冷却方式、方法及在实际中的应用。通过试验研究发现,不同的冷却方式不仅对机载电子装备本身有不同程度的影响,还对机载电子装备在环境试验过程中产生极大的影响,从而提出在实际应用中,应着重依据分析的内容考虑机载电子装备需采用的冷却方式,以达到最好的实施效果。     

探索绿色环保型聚环氧琥珀酸配方在钢厂循环冷却水中的应用

作为新型绿色环保可降解缓蚀阻垢剂的聚环氧琥珀酸,在包括工业生产在内的诸多领域,均得到了广泛应用,所取得效果也十分突出。本文首先简单介绍了PESA的含义和特点,随后从实际出发,围绕其在钢厂中的具体应用展开了讨论,内容涉及应用试验、效果分析等方面,希望能够为相关人员提供一定帮助。     

循环冷却水浓缩倍率对凝汽器管路的腐蚀和结垢趋势

利用水质判断指数来预测不同循环冷却水浓缩倍率下水的结垢趋势,确定形成最佳碳酸钙保护膜所对应的浓缩倍率,以达到最经济的防止循环冷却水系统腐蚀和结垢的目的.     

Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from the EU-15 Building Stock. Beyond the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9 pp)

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Goal Scope and Background. The European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings which came into force 16 December 2002 will be implemented in the legislation of Member States by 4 January 2006. In addition to the aim of improving the overall energy efficiency of new buildings, large existing buildings will become a target for improvement, as soon as they undergo significant renovation. The building sector is responsible for about 40% of Europe's total end energy consumption and hence this Directive is an important step for the European Union in order that it should reach the level of saving required by the Kyoto Agreement. In this the EU is committed to reduce CO2 emissions relative to the base year of 1990 by 8 per cent, by 2010. But what will be the impact of the new Directive, how large could be the impacts of extending the obligation for energy efficiency retrofitting towards smaller buildings? Can improvement of the insulation offset or reduce the growing energy consumption from the increasing installation of cooling installations? EURIMA, the European Insulation Manufacturers Association and EuroACE, the European Alliance of Companies for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, asked Ecofys to address these questions.

Methods

The effect of the EPB Directive on the emissions associated with the heating energy consumption of the total EU 15 building stock has been examined in a model calculation, using the Built Environment Analysis Model (BEAM), which was developed by Ecofys to investigate energy saving measures in the building stock. The great complexity of the EU-15 building stock had to be simplified by examining five standard buildings with eight insulation standards, which are assigned to building age and renovation status. Furthermore, three climatic regions (cold, moderate, warm) were distinguished for the calculation of the heating energy demand. This gave a basic 210 building types for which the heating energy demand and CO2 emissions from heating were calculated according to the principles of the European Norm EN 832.

Results and Discussion

The model calculations demonstrates that the main contributor to the total heating related CO2 emissions of 725 Mt/a from the EU building stock in 2002 is the residential sector (77%) while the remaining 23% originates from non-residential buildings. In the residential sector, single-family houses represent the largest group responsible for 60% of the total CO2 emissions equivalent to 435 Mt/a.

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- The technical potential: If all retrofit measures in the scope of the Directive were realised immediately for the complete residential and non-residential building stock the overall CO2 emission savings would add up to 82 Mt/a. An additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 69 Mt/a would be created if the scope of the Directive was extended to cover retrofit measures in multi-family dwellings (200-1000m2) and non-residential buildings smaller than 1000m2 used floor space. In addition including the large group of single-family dwellings would lead to a potential for additional CO2 emission reductions compared to the Directive of 316 Mt/a.

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- Temporal mobilization of the potential: Calculations based on the building stock as it develops over time with average retrofit rates demonstrated that regulations introduced following the EPB Directive result in a CO2 emissions decrease of 34 Mt/a by the year 2010 compared to the business as usual scenario. Extending the scope of the EPB Directive to all residential buildings (including single and multi-family dwellings), the CO2 emission savings potential over the 'business as usual' scenario could be doubled to 69 Mt/a in the year 2010. This creates an additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 36 Mt/a.

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- Cooling demand: The analysis demonstrated that in warm climatic zones the cooling demand can be reduced drastically by a combination of lowering the internal heat loads and by improved insulation. With the reduction of the heat loads to a moderate level the cooling demand, e.g. of a terraced house located in Madrid, can be reduced by an additional 85% if the insulation level is improved appropriately.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings will have a significant impact on the CO2 emissions of the European building stock. The main saving potential lies in insulation of the existing building stock. Beyond this, CO2 emissions could, however, be greatly reduced if the scope of the Directive were to be extended to include retrofit of smaller buildings.

Recommendation and Perspective

The reductions should be seen in relation to the remaining gap of 190 Mt CO2 eq. per annum between the current emission levels of EU-15 and the target under the Kyoto-Protocol for the year 2010. The energy and industrial sector will probably contribute only a fraction of this reduction via the newly established EU emissions trading scheme and connected projects under the flexible mechanism. In addition, the traffic sector is likely to continue its growth path leading to a widening of the gap. Thus, there is likely to be considerable pressure on the EU building sector to contribute to the EU climate targets beyond what will be achieved by means of the current EPB Directive. Legislators on the EU and national level are therefore advised to take accelerated actions to tap the very significant emission reduction potentials available in the EU building stock.     

空调冷却塔水与空气军团菌的PCR方法快速检测

应用 Enviro Amp PCR-反向杂交法(涉及 5S rRNA基因和 mip基因 )和半巢式 PCR(涉及 16S rRNA基因 )成功检测人工气溶胶化的军团菌 ,这些方法进一步用于检测空调系统冷却塔的水及由其产生的气溶胶中的军团菌 ,从空气样品中检测到军团菌属及嗜肺军团菌 .检测的冷却塔水样品 100%含军团菌属细菌 ,其中 41.6%含嗜肺军团菌 .2种方法相比 ,半巢式 PCR法更经济、方便 .     

上海市绿地植被的吸热降温效益评估

城市绿地夏季高温时具有明显降温作用。但现有研究侧重降温效应观测及其影响因子解析,而对绿地降温效益与人居环境需求的空间一致性鲜有研究。以上海市为例,基于高分卫星影像与样地观测数据,采用植被蒸腾吸热经验模型评估了城市绿地夏季降温效益,并利用GIS空间分析技术量化了绿地降温效益与空气温度及人口分布的空间耦合程度。结果表明:2017年上海城市绿地面积为10.45万hm ²,夏季（6-9月）绿地植被吸热量可达8.49×10 ¹⁵ J,相当于节约夏季空调降温的经济价值为14.57亿元,其中46%和33%的绿地降温效益来自阔叶林与混交林;浦东新区、崇明区和奉贤区的绿地植被合计贡献了67%的降温效益,但虹口、黄浦、徐汇等中心城区绿地的单位面积降温效益较高。更需关注的是,绿地植被降温效益与人居环境需求表现出局部地区的空间不一致,其中28.62%的地区植被降温效益与空气温度处于低耦合状态,7.31%的地区植被降温效益与人口密度为低耦合水平,且均集中分布在中心城区。因此,重点提升中心城区绿地植被降温功能,并规划建设周边绿地降温效益的空间辐射通道,是上海城市生态空间优化的重要方向。     

气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响

利用华东446个气象站点1961-2007年日平均气温资料和RegCM3模式预估的2010-2039年日平均气温资料,分别以10 ℃和22 ℃作为取暖和降温度日的基础温度,采用度日法分析了气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响。结果表明,1961-2007年间,整个华东取暖度日、取暖和降温总度日基本都呈减少趋势,且北部减少多于南部;降温度日在华东多数地区都呈增加趋势,以长江三角洲、浙江东部和福建东部沿海增加较多。2010-2039年间,整个华东取暖度日都将继续减少,且北部减少多于东南部;降温度日都将继续增加,且南部增加多于北部和沿海;取暖和降温总度日在华东北部呈减少趋势,而在南部呈增加趋势。过去47 a间,华东取暖度日的减少远超过降温度日的增加,气温变化总体上有利于居住建筑耗能的减少。未来30 a间,华东取暖和降温度日的变化幅度接近,气温变化对居住建筑耗能的正负影响基本相抵消。     

包钢中水水质特性分析及其在高炉循环水系统的应用研究

通过现场测试对包钢中水水质类型及其用于高炉循环冷却系统的现状进行了调查研究。确定了在现有条件下4#高炉循环冷却水系统的水质类型为腐蚀为主,兼有结垢;包钢中水为微量结垢和腐蚀型水质,随着浓缩倍数的增加逐步转化为严重结垢型水质。     

核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔对气载流出物扩散的影响

为深入研究大型自然通风冷却塔及其湿热羽对内陆核电厂气载流出物扩散影响,应用计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+提供的k-ε湍流模型模拟了单一冷却塔的运行和停机对不同位置、不同释放高度污染物扩散的影响,结果表明：当释放高度为10m,释放点位于停机冷却塔迎风侧时,释放点下风向的地面轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低1/3~1/2.当释放高度为75m,冷却塔运行时,若释放点位于冷却塔迎风侧时,轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍增大1~2倍;若释放点位于冷却塔背风侧,则相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低约1/2.当冷却塔停机时,无论75m高度释放点位于迎风侧还是背风侧,其轴线弥散因子均高于没有冷却塔时.当迎风侧释放高度达到150m时,在释放点下风向约800m的范围内,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子显著增大,但到了800m范围以外,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子减小.