黑炭分解的影响因素及其激发效应机制研究进展

黑炭是生物质和化石燃料不完全燃烧形成的富含C的固体有机材料,广泛存在于环境中,具有长期存储C的潜力,在全球C循环中具有重要作用,并且被作为减缓气候变化的重要策略。然而,当前我们有关黑炭分解及其激发效应机制的知识是有限的。因此,需要全面深入了解影响黑炭分解的控制因素及其激发效应的可能机制。本文首先对黑炭分解研究进行综合分析,详细评述了气候/培养条件,土壤特征、黑炭性质以及干扰因素对黑炭分解的影响及其机理。其次,介绍了黑炭激发效应的测定方法,重点综述了黑炭激发效应大小与方向的影响因素及其可能机制。最后,指出了黑炭分解及其激发效应研究的不足,并提出了未来研究需要关注的问题和方向,以期为将黑炭融入到土壤有机质和生态系统模型提供借鉴。     

气候和人类活动对典型岩溶地下河系统径流年际变化的影响

为揭示气候变化与人类活动对岩溶地下河系统年径流量的影响,以南洞地下河为研究对象,利用其1972-2014年的径流量、降水量和蒸散量数据,分析其年际变化特征。研究结果表明：研究期内径流、降水和蒸散均呈现波动减少的趋势。其中流域内径流整体以0.014亿m³/a的速度减少,降水整体以3.14 mm/a的速度减少,蒸散整体以7.94 mm/a的速度减少。通过有序聚类法和Mann-Kendall法综合确定出径流、降水的突变年份为2002年、2008年。通过累积量斜率变化率比较法,定量分解了不同时期气候与人类活动对径流变化影响的贡献率：综合考虑降水和蒸散因素,以人类活动轻微的T₁（1972-2002年）阶段为基准期,气候变化对径流减少的贡献率在T₂（2003-2008年）、T₃（2009-2014年）时期分别为-86.68%、35.92%,人类活动对径流减少的贡献率在T₂、T₃阶段分别为186.68%、64.08%。可见,人类活动是南洞地下河流域径流量年际变化的主导因素,其中生活、生产的直接耗水和土地利用/土地覆被变化影响下径流过程的变化,共同影响着径流年际变化。     

1961-2010年中国降水时空变化特征及对地表干湿状况影响

开展气候变化背景下中国降水时空变化特征及对地表干湿状况影响研究,对揭示陆地表层系统对气候变化的动态响应与变化规律以及防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于1961-2010年地面气象观测资料,分析我国降水与地表干湿状况时空格局;在此基础上,采用敏感性与贡献度分析,定量评估降水变化对干湿状况的影响。结果表明：过去50年间我国年降水量呈轻微增加趋势,其中,青藏高原（高原亚寒带、高原温带）、西北（中温带西部、暖温带西部）和南方地区（亚热带、热带）呈增加趋势,东北（寒温带、中温带东部）和华北地区（中温带中东部、暖温带东部）呈减少趋势。就地表干湿状况而言,华北和东北地区以干旱化趋势为主,西北、青藏高原及南方地区主要呈湿润化趋势。地表干湿状况对降水变化响应较为敏感（全国多年平均敏感系数：-1.13）,干湿指数和降水呈负相关。内陆干旱地区降水对干湿状况变化的贡献高于湿润地区,局部地区降水贡献度超过60%。     

Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls

Reconciling human and non-human use of urban regions to support biological conservation represents a major challenge for the 21st century. The concept of reconciliation ecology, by which the anthropogenic environment may be modified to encourage non-human use and biodiversity preservation without compromising societal utilization, potentially represents an appropriate paradigm for urban conservation given the generally poor opportunities that exist for reserve establishment and ecological restoration in urban areas. Two habitat improvement techniques with great potential for reconciliation ecology in urban areas are the installation of living roofs and walls, which have been shown to support a range of taxa at local scales. This paper evaluates the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls, in particular highlighting both ecological and societal limitations that need to be overcome for application at the landscape scale. We further consider that successful utilization of living roofs and walls for urban reconciliation ecology will rely heavily on the participation of urban citizens, and that a 'citizen science' model is needed to facilitate public participation and support and to create an evidence base to determine their effectiveness. Living roofs and walls are just one aspect of urban reconciliation ecology, but are particularly important 'bottom-up' techniques for improving urban biodiversity that can be performed directly by the citizenry.     

危险源理论研究及在事故预防中的应用

为提高事故预防和控制水平,以现代安全科学的观点及事故致因理论为基础,运用事故案例分析研究方法,从危险源概念辨析入手,认为,危险源是指一切可能导致事故发生的能量、能量载体或危险物质,而不具有能量的隐患不是危险源。进一步探讨危险源的分类、层次结构及基于危险源理论的事故预防控制模型;同时,分析各类危险源在事故预防控制模型中的地位,指出事故的原因及防范对策。结果表明,事故是由直接危险源、第一触发危险源和初始触发危险源等不同种类的危险源的相互作用的结果,加强对不同危险源的研究,采取有针对性措施可有效提高生产安全管理水平及事故控制水平。     

2000—2010年安全行为学研究进展及其分析

为了解和掌握近10年安全行为学研究进展,检索2000—2010年美国工程索引(EI)数据库、中国期刊全文数据库收录的安全行为学论文,统计分析发现:我国安全行为学研究居于世界前列,总体可分为理论研究和实证研究,涉及的领域以煤矿居多。查阅近年我国发表的安全行为学论文,汇总、分析安全行为学的基本原理、行为安全管理方法及安全行为评价法的研究进展;列举近年安全行为学的新动态-学科的交叉渗透、理论模型的引用、虚拟现实和仿真技术的运用等。最后在分析结果的基础上,结合实际对今后其发展提出4点看法,讨论安全行为学的可能发展方向。     

Simulated Impacts of Three Decadal Climate Variability Phenomena on Water Yields in the Missouri River Basin1

Mehta, Vikram M., Norman J. Rosenberg, and Katherin Mendoza, 2011. Simulated Impacts of Three Decadal Climate Variability Phenomena on Water Yields in the Missouri River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):126‐135. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00496.x Abstract: The Missouri River Basin (MRB) is the largest river basin in the United States (U.S.), and is one of the most important crop and livestock‐producing regions in the world. In a previous study of associations between decadal climate variability (DCV) phenomena and hydro‐meteorological (HM) variability in the MRB, it was found that positive and negative phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the tropical Atlantic sea‐surface temperature gradient variability (TAG), and the west Pacific warm pool (WPWP) temperature variability were significantly associated with decadal variability in precipitation and 2‐meter air temperature in the MRB, with combinations of various phases of these DCV phenomena associated with drought, flood, or neutral HM conditions. Here, we report on a methodology developed and applied to assess whether the aforementioned DCVs directly affect the hydrology of the MRB. The Hydrologic Unit Model of the U.S. (HUMUS) was used to simulate water yields in response to realistic values of the PDO, TAG, and WPWP at 75 widely distributed, eight‐digit hydrologic unit areas within the MRB. HUMUS driven by HM anomalies in both the positive and negative phases of the PDO and TAG resulted in major impacts on water yields, as much as ±20% of average water yield in some locations. Impacts of the WPWP were smaller. The combined and cumulative effects of these DCV phenomena on the MRB HM and water availability can be dramatic with important consequences for the MRB.     

Alaska’s Freshwater Resources: Issues Affecting Local and International Interests1

Alessa, Lilian, Mark Altaweel, Andrew Kliskey, Christopher Bone, William Schnabel, and Kalb Stevenson, 2011. Alaska’s Freshwater Resources: Issues Affecting Local and International Interests. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):143‐157. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00498.x Abstract: The State of Alaska faces a broad range of freshwater challenges including limited resource access in rural communities, increasing freshwater use, and a pressing need to better understand and prepare for climate‐driven change. Despite these significant issues, Alaska is relatively water‐rich and far more equipped to address its water resource concerns compared with other regions of the world. Globally, simultaneous and rapid water stresses have influenced and complicated conflicts and are motivating nations to develop markets and trade as one of the primary means to manage their needs for this resource. This paper presents these interacting issues in the context of Alaska’s relationship with a world undergoing significant social and ecological changes that affect freshwater supplies. We present the challenges faced by Alaska in the context of a larger global perspective, and briefly explore the relative effects these issues have on local, regional, and global scales. We present the argument that Alaska needs to develop more robust institutions and policies that can alleviate both household concerns and ensure that Alaska plays a significant role in the international freshwater arena for its long‐term resilience.     

The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska1

Clilverd, Hannah M., Daniel M. White, Amy C. Tidwell, and Michael A. Rawlins, 2011. The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1228–1240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00569.x Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured‐marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004‐2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan‐Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifth‐generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM‐simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5‐simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4‐8°C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze‐up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27‐40% (55‐81 mm) and 33‐42% (81‐102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9‐25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.     

Hydropower Relicensing and Climate Change1

Viers, Joshua H., 2011. Hydropower Relicensing and Climate Change. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):655‐661. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00531.x Abstract: Hydropower represents approximately 20% of the world’s energy supply, is viewed as both vulnerable to global climate warming and an asset to reduce climate‐altering emissions, and is increasingly the target of improved regulation to meet multiple ecosystem service benefits. It is within this context that the recent decision by the United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to reject studies of climate change in its consideration of reoperation of the Yuba‐Bear Drum‐Spaulding hydroelectric facilities in northern California is shown to be poorly reasoned and risky. Given the rapidity of climate warming, and its anticipated impacts to natural and human communities, future long‐term fixed licenses of hydropower operation will be ill prepared to adapt if science‐based approaches to incorporating reasonable and foreseeable hydrologic changes into study plans are not included. The licensing of hydroelectricity generation can no longer be issued in isolation due to downstream contingencies such as domestic water use, irrigated agricultural production, ecosystem maintenance, and general socioeconomic well‐being. At minimum, if the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is to establish conditions of operation for 30‐50 years, licensees should be required to anticipate changing climatic and hydrologic conditions for a similar period of time.