2017年兰州市大气污染物输送来源及传输特征模拟分析

利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合兰州市AQI（空气质量指数）及常规大气污染物质量浓度数据,模拟研究了2017年1月1日-12月31日以兰州市为受点的大气污染物输送特征.通过聚类分析确定了抵达兰州市气团的主要输送途径和每类路径所对应的污染物质量浓度特征,并利用受体模型PSCF（潜在源贡献因子分析法）和CWT（权重浓度轨迹分析法）,分析了大气污染区域传输对兰州市空气质量的影响,探讨了影响兰州市空气质量的污染物输送来源和可能的潜在源区.结果表明,在影响兰州市的气流轨迹中,污染轨迹多来自兰州市以西和以北方向,污染轨迹约占总轨迹的39.52%,说明外部污染物的输入对兰州市空气质量具有重要影响.其中,第3类轨迹（对应来向为西）的气团对兰州市的空气质量有较大的影响,该类轨迹虽仅占总轨迹的15.21%,但其中污染轨迹数占56.76%,是影响兰州市空气质量的主要传输路径;第4类轨迹（对应来向为东南）的气团最为清洁.研究显示,对兰州市空气质量影响最大的强潜在源区主要分布在青海共和盆地、兰州市本地及周边区域,中等强度潜在源区为内蒙古自治区南部、宁夏回族自治区及甘肃省河西走廊等地区.      

洛阳市大气细颗粒物化学组分特征及溯源分析

为研究洛阳市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的化学组分及来源的时空分布特征,对汾渭平原地区较为欠缺的PM2.5相关研究进行补充,在2018年4月至2019年1月在洛阳市高新和林校2个点位进行了样品采集,对P(PM2.5)、化学组分(水溶性离子、碳质组分、元素)和来源进行分析.2个点位的年均ρ(PM2.5)分别为(76.6±37.9)μg-m-3和(83.2±38.9)μg·m-3,季节变化由高到低均为:冬季、春季、秋季和夏季.高新和林校的9种水溶性离子浓度分别占PM2.5的 55.1％和54.2％,林校的二次离子(NO3-、SO42-和NH4+)年均浓度之和高于高新.高新和林校的ρ[有机碳(OC)]、P[元素碳(EC)]分别为(12.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.2±0.5)μg·m-3和(13.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.3±0.5)μg·m-3,林校的含碳组分在各季节均高于高新;高新和林校冬季的二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中质量分数分别为67.8％和77.3％,远高于其他季节.化学质量平衡结果表明,高新和林校的主要贡献源均为二次硝酸盐(26.9％和27.1％)、二次硫酸盐(14.5％和14.8％)、燃煤(12.6％和11.6％)、SOA(10.8％和12.2％),高新的生物质源贡献较高,而林校的扬尘源和机动车源贡献较高.后向轨迹和潜在源贡献因子分析表明,洛阳市春季不仅受到来自西北方向的传输,来自西南地区的污染传输也不能忽略;夏季既受到正东方向的季风影响,又有来自正南方向的潜在污染;秋季污染物主要来自东南方向,同时也存在西北方向的潜在来源;冬季受到的传输影响则主要来自周边区域,污染来源较为集中.     

基于灰色聚类分析的轨道交通应急能力综合评价

通过分析轨道交通应急能力的影响因素,建立多层次的评价指标体系,引入灰色聚类分析对轨道交通应急能力进行综合评价。针对传统灰色聚类分析计算复杂、繁琐的缺点,在对二级指标的评价中对聚类指标规范化,采用区间化白化权函数进行简化处理,然后对得到的一级指标综合值再次进行聚类分析。结果表明,聚类分析在多层次综合评价中具有较好的实用性和可操作性。     

江西食物生产波动特征与效率研究

食物波动与效率是食物安全的重要研究内容。1993~2003年江西省平均食物生产全要素相对生产率为0.974,其规模效益基本上呈现常数规模效益与规模效益递增交替波动现象。灰色关联分析表明,粮食产量、油料产量、肉类产量、糖料产量等与食物总量具有显著关联性,其灰色关联序为：粮食产量＞油料产量＞肉类产量＞糖料产量＞禽蛋产量＞水果产量＞牛奶产量,所以要保证食物总量安全,必须首先保障粮食、油料、肉类等的生产。     

系统聚类分析在农户生态系统类型划分中的应用

应用主成分分析法和系统聚类分析法，对湖北省京山县刘家岭村５０个农户进行了生态系统类型数值分类分析，结果表明，该村农户生态系统可分为农－牧业型、果－农－牧业型和渔－农－牧业型三类，与全村３３８个农户情况相符。     

耕地土壤中交换态钙镁铁锰铜锌相关关系研究

应用主成份分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地土壤样本(0-20cm)的交换态钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量进行研究，结果表明，影响钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌分布的主因子分别在相同的主成份组中，钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌之间的相关系数较大，铁、锰、铜、锌之间均为极显著正相关关系，钙与铁、锰、铜、锌均为负相关关系，说明元素的生物地球化学属性对其地理分布有较大的影响。     

Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels

Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we do not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate.     

计算机辅助确定外因火灾位置方法

系统介绍用计算机辅助确定矿井外因火灾位置方法的原理,给出该方法的具体步骤,剖析其定性分析、定量分析和定量分析结果评价三大步骤中的各技术关键,并借助一个实例验证了该方法实用的可行性     

Seasonal Fluctuation in Heavy Metal Pollution in Iran´s Siahroud River - A Preliminary Study (7 pp)

Background The management of its available water resources has become a key issue for Iran. During the last few decades, the water quality of Siahroud River in the coastal plain of the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province in Northern Iran has significantly degraded. The scarcity of water has been compounded by rapid population growth and increasing pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and municipal and industrial wastes. One of the sources of this degradation is the movement of heavy metals from the river's watershed into the various water systems supported by the river, including the water system for Rasht City. Methods To study the magnitude of heavy metal pollution in the Siahroud River, seven heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Ni were measured in duplicate from replicated water samples collected over five consecutive seasons and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. In situ measurements of pH were taken with the samples and total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed by IR gas measurement. Results The results demonstrated that four of the seven heavy metals including Pb, Fe, Cd, and Mn exceeded permissible safe levels as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Multivariate factor analysis suggested that industrial land-use was the main contributing factor for the high levels of Fe and Mn in the Siahroud River, whereas, Cd was principly from agricultural activities in the watershed. The data also suggested that pH and TOC had an important role in the behaviour of Pb and Mn, and that the elevated levels of these two heavy metals in Siahroud River was the consequence of other anthropogenic sources. Only negligible levels of Zn, Cu and Ni were detected. Finally, all the sampling stations were subjected to cluster analysis. The results indicated that three different zones could be distinguished according to the levels of pollution. In addition, it was shown that the urban areas did not have a significant impact on the heavy metal pollution in the river. This observation stems from the fact that the data from the sampling stations before and after Rasht City were not significantly different. Recommendation . Preventive measures need to be undertaken in the land-use systems and watersheds of the Siahroud River to reduce the pollution levels of Pb, Cd, Mn and Fe.     

石家庄大气污染物输送通道及污染源区研究

为探索石家庄的区域输送规律,确定主要污染源区,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrater Trajectory)后向轨迹模式和NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素数据,对2013—2016年从不同高度上抵达石家庄地区的逐日72 h气流后向轨迹进行聚类分析,并结合石家庄逐小时颗粒物污染物浓度数据,分析石家庄PM2.5的潜在源贡献因子(WPSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(WCWT).结果表明,(1)石家庄PM2.5浓度具有明显单峰谷日变化,秋冬季与春夏季峰谷值出现时间不同;(2)近地层大气污染输送路径以近距离,移速慢的轨迹为主,轨迹较短的路径所占比例在40%以上.除夏季外,近距离输送路径均存在螺旋转向,在后向48~36 h内轨迹端点到达河北省内,转为东向和南向输送.(3)大气污染输送通道的垂直分布特征表明,输送轨迹中低于500 m高度的轨迹点占28.7%,高于1000 m低于3000 m高度的轨迹点占36.1%,高于3000 m高度的轨迹点占25.3%.低层多以近距离输送为主,高度越高,近距离输送轨迹的频率越低.500 m高度输送通道仍以近距离输送为主,并存在螺旋转向,1500 m高度以上多远距离输送.(4)石家庄PM2.5的主要污染源区范围较小.途径河北中南部、河南北部、山东西部和山西中北部地区的轨迹对石家庄PM2.5的污染贡献最大.