应用时间-活动模式估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平

将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NO_x暴露水平. 分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NO_x)及个体24 h NO_x暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平. 交通工具中的NO_x暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NO_x)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NO_x暴露水平为0.041 mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.002　6±0.013　0) mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义 (t0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NO_x暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.      

Misspecification of within-area exposure distribution in ecological Poisson models

Ecological studies enable investigation of geographic variations in exposure to environmental variables, across groups, in relation to health outcomes measured on a geographic scale. Such studies are subject to ecological biases, including pure specification bias which arises when a nonlinear individual exposure-risk model is assumed to apply at the area level. Introduction of the within-area variance of exposure should induce a marked reduction in this source of ecological bias. Assuming several measurements per area of exposure and no confounding risk factors, we study the model including the within-area exposure variability when Gaussian within-area exposure distribution is assumed. The robustness is assessed when the within-area exposure distribution is misspecified. Two underlying exposure distributions are studied: the Gamma distribution and an unimodal mixture of two Gaussian distributions. In case of strong ecological association, this model can reduce the bias and improve the precision of the individual parameter estimates when the within-area exposure means and variances are correlated. These different models are applied to analyze the ecological association between radon concentration and childhood acute leukemia in France.

Dealing with uncertainty in the assessment of human exposure to radioactivity in food and the environment

This paper presents an overview of the approach used to assess radiation dose and risk to members of the public from radioactivity in food and the environment. It describes uncertainties in the process and suggests ways of dealing with them to improve the risk assessment process. It also explains how uncertainty in the assessed dose/risk can be communicated to non-expert audiences such as members of the public. The issues covered in this paper apply to risk assessment of any contaminant and not only radioactivity.     

土壤Pb暴露下赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性和氧化应激反应

根据OECD试验指南,研究了人工土壤铅暴露下赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性和氧化应激反应. 结果表明:铅暴露对赤子爱胜蚓14d的LC₅₀(半致死浓度)为2576.76mg/kg,95%置信区间为2388.42~2792.00mg/kg;铅暴露第1、7、14天赤子爱胜蚓的SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性,铅暴露第1、14天的POD(过氧化物酶)活性,铅暴露第14天的MDA(丙二醛)含量均与w(Pb)呈良好的剂量-效应关系,但CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性与w(Pb)未呈剂量-效应关系. 赤子爱胜蚓体内3种抗氧化酶对人工土壤铅污染响应的敏感程度为SOD>POD>CAT,SOD作为抗氧化系统的重要酶类可以更好地预测污染物对于赤子爱胜蚓的亚致死毒性.      

重金属暴露与前列腺癌发生和进展的关系综述

前列腺癌是男性泌尿系统发病率最高的恶性肿瘤.目前关于其发病机制有很多不同的学说,其中环境中的重金属暴露引起前列腺癌的研究逐渐成为研究热点之一.文章重点阐述了镉、砷、铜等重金属导致前列腺癌发生和发展的最新研究进展.研究发现,重金属暴露能够导致前列腺上皮细胞抗凋亡能力增强、雌激素受体增加、DNA甲基化异常、肿瘤干细胞形成,最终导致正常的前列腺上皮细胞发生恶性转化.关于重金属暴露引发前列腺癌的更多机制还有待进一步深入研究.因此,研究环境中重金属暴露导致前列腺癌发生机制对职业性暴露的人群提供健康指导以及预防前列腺癌的发生均具有重要的现实意义.     

太湖流域(苏南地区)农业活动区人群PAEs健康风险评估

对太湖流域(苏南)无锡、常州、镇江3市经口介质(地下水、土壤、农作物共346个样品)中15种PAEs的污染状况进行实验室分析,采用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价“四步法”,结合暴露参数实测等方法,对太湖流域居民经口途径PAEs健康风险进行科学评估.结果表明:流域各经口介质中除部分蔬菜外,均有PAEs检出,地下水、土壤、主食(水稻、小麦)、蔬菜(生菜、韭菜、茄子、毛豆、山芋藤、木耳菜、长豇豆、苋菜、辣椒、空心菜、黄瓜、南瓜藤)中PAEs所占比例最高的为DNP、DCHP、DBP、DNP;流域人群男性PAEs经口总暴露风险为4.88×10-5,女性PAEs经口总暴露风险为4.29×10-5,其中DEHP的贡献率均最大.男性PAEs经口暴露总健康风险大于女性,男性夏秋季节PAEs经口暴露的健康风险等于春冬季节,女性春冬季节PAEs经口暴露风险大于夏秋季节.流域人群的经口暴露的健康风险均高于英国皇家协会推荐的可接受健康风险水平1×10-6,但低于美国环境保护局推荐的健康风险水平1×10-4.     

铬污染场地调查数据评估与暴露浓度估计

针对某铬污染场地调查采样得到的1 269个土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕,分别采用检出限替代法和Walsh's Test方法分析了未检出值和潜在的异常值.结果表明,异常值的取舍对数据的统计分析结果影响较大,结合该铬污染场地的实际情况和采样记录,最终保留了潜在异常值. 分别采用Q-Q图示法和假设检验方法探讨了该铬污染场地土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的数据分布形态发现,二者均不符合3种常见的分布形态(即正态分布、对数正态分布和Gamma分布),因此,采用基于切比雪夫不等式的非参数方法计算该铬污染场地调查数据的95%UCL(置信区间上限值),确定w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的暴露值分别为0.285 6%和0.022 7%.      

天津市老年人PM2.5个体暴露化学组分特征

分别于2011年6月13日—7月2日(夏季)和11月30日—12月12日(冬季),采用颗粒物个体暴露采样器对天津市某社区101名老年人(平均年龄67岁)的PM_2.5个体暴露水平进行监测,以探讨PM_2.5个体暴露化学组分的特征. 结果表明,天津市老年人夏、冬季PM_2.5个体暴露浓度分别为(124.2±75.2)和(170.8±126.6)μg/m3. 斯皮尔曼相关分析表明,Si、NH₄+和NO₃-的暴露浓度均与PM_2.5暴露浓度显著相关(P<0.01),R(相关系数)分别为0.61、0.55和0.46. 富集因子分析表明,Cd、Zn和Pb 3种元素高度富集,受人为源的影响强烈. SO₄2-是水溶性离子中含量最高的组分,其次是NO₃-和NH₄+,在夏、冬季这3种离子暴露浓度之和分别占PM_2.5暴露浓度的34.3%和40.6%. OC是老年人PM_2.5个体暴露的主要成分之一,夏、冬季OC暴露浓度分别占PM_2.5暴露浓度的19.3%和27.4%. 老年人PM_2.5个体暴露化学组分浓度受气象因素、室内源和室外源的共同影响,季节变化明显. 冬季Al、Si、K、Ca和Fe的暴露浓度高于夏季,但大部分微量金属元素(V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb和Pb)的冬季暴露浓度却低于夏季. 方差分析表明,冬季SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、OC和EC的暴露浓度显著高于夏季(P<0.05).      

Poly- and perfluorinated compounds in household consumer products

Several household consumer products were analyzed for their content of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) by nanoflow ultra performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Among the investigated products, which are applied as sprays, were impregnating agents, cleaning agents, lubricants, and conditioners. In 14 of the 26 products analyzed, at least one polyfluorinated compound (PFC) was detected in 14 samples. 8?:?2 FTOH was the dominating PFC with concentrations up to 149?µg?mL^?1. The maximum concentration of PFOA was 14.5?µg?mL^?1, whereas PFOS was not detected in any sample. Investigated PFCs were mostly found in impregnating agents and lubricants, but were not detected in cleaning agents and conditioners. In FTOH-containing impregnating agents, similar ratios between 6?:?2 FTOH, 8?:?2 FTOH, and 10?:?2 FTOH were found. FTOH proportions in PFC-containing lubricants were similar as well. Total human exposure to PFC from consumer product aerosols for three different scenarios was estimated to be between 42.8 and 464?ng?kg^?1?per day.     

Chemical cocktail party in East Greenland: A first time evaluation of human organohalogen exposure from consumption of ringed seal and polar bear tissues and possible health implications

East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are among the mammals with the highest bioaccumulated concentrations of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). Since Greenlanders in this region ingest significant quantities of adipose tissue from polar bears and also ringed seals (Pusa hispida), initial conservative estimates of the daily oral exposure to this chemical cocktail are thus presented. The tolerable daily intake was exceeded approximately five-fold for polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane pesticides and metabolites, while the estimated daily toxic equivalent (TEQ) (based on the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-rho-dioxin toxicity equivalence factors) for East Greenland subsistence hunters was three- to ten-fold higher than the WHO ∑TEQ guidelines even though the estimations were conservative. The daily oral OHC exposure from polar bear and ringed seal blubber consumption is markedly high and needs to be reduced in order to remove this co-factor with respect to the influence on the development of chronic diseases. Furthermore, it is warranted that a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for Greenlander's exposure to OHCs is constructed and that risk quotients calculated to estimate the threats to health for East Greenland subsistence hunters.