封存过程中CO2流体与煤中矿物作用关系研究进展

利用深部煤层封存二氧化碳(CO2),既能减排主要人为温室气体CO2,又能同步开采煤层气(主要成分为甲烷,即CH4)。在适宜CO2封存的含煤储层条件下,CO2属于超临界流体,其易与煤中部分无机矿物发生作用,进而改变煤的理化性质,最终影响煤层的CO2封存效果。为此,归纳了煤中易与CO2发生作用的矿物分布特征,分析了CO2与矿物间的作用规律及其对煤理化性质的影响,并指出了后续研究方向。结果表明,煤中易与CO2流体发生作用的无机矿物主要包括碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物。上述矿物的分布与煤变质程度和沉积环境有关。在封存过程中,超临界CO2流体与煤中矿物间的作用会改变煤体孔隙结构、煤的CO2吸附能力和含煤储层渗透率。针对CO2与煤中矿物的作用关系,后续需开展以下研究:CO2流体与煤中矿物之间的微观作用机理;CO2流体与煤层顶底板中主要无机矿物的作用规律;实际储层条件(温度、压力和地应力等)对CO2与矿物之间作用关系的影响;CO2与矿物之间的相互作用对同步采收CH4的影响。     

怎样强化新农村的消防工作

从具体的措施出发，阐述了做好新农村防火安全工作的具体内容，对现实的农村消防安全具有一定的指导作用。     

The legacy of surface mining: Remediation,restoration, reclamation and rehabilitation

Surface mining is a global phenomenon. When dealing with the land disturbances caused by surface mining operations, the terms remediation, reclamation, restoration and rehabilitation (R4) are commonly used interchangeably or otherwise vaguely defined. Expectations associated with these terms may differ significantly from one stakeholder to another, however. Regulators, industry, environmental practitioners, local communities and the general public therefore stand to benefit from a precise terminology based on agreed-upon end-goals. The latter range from the avoidance of exposure to pollutants (remediation) to the full recovery of the original ecosystem (restoration). Although frequently claimed as the end-goal, restoration may often not be unachievable, because of altered hydrology, habitat fragmentation, contamination, climate change, prohibitive costs and other environmental and socio-economic boundary conditions. Mostly, the definitions of reclamation and rehabilitation may overlap in their definitions and approaches. Here we attempt the creation of a road-map that can clearly translate end-goals for each of the R4 terms. According to the definitions encountered and exposed here, reclamation, which aims to recover key ecosystem services and biogeochemical functions within a replacement ecosystem or rehabilitation, which implies a repurposing of the landscape, may be the best approaches to deal with surface mining legacies.     

Isotopes in teeth and a cryptic population of coastal freshwater seals

Human activities threaten the biodiversity of aquatic mammals across the globe. Conservation of these species hinges on the ability to delineate movements and foraging behaviors of animals, but gaining such insights is hampered by difficulties in tracing individuals over their lives. We determined isotope ratios in teeth (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹³C/¹²C, and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) to examine lifelong movement and resource-use patterns of a unique freshwater population of a wide-ranging pinniped species (harbor seal [Phoca vitulina]) that resides in Iliamna Lake, Alaska (U.S.A.). This population's potentially unique migratory behavior and use of different trophic resources are unknown. The isotope ratios we measured in teeth showed that seals were born in the lake, remained lifelong residents, and relied principally on resources produced from in the lake, even when seasonally abundant and nutrient-dense spawning anadromous fish (i.e., sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka]) were available in the lake. Our results illustrate how serial isotope records in teeth, particularly ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, can be used to quantify how coastal mammal populations exploit both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Understanding lifelong patterns of habitat and resource use is essential information when designing effective conservation plans for threatened coastal mammals. We present the Iliamna Lake harbor seals as a unique case study into how isotope records within teeth can help reveal the cryptic ecology of such a population residing in an intact ecosystem. The results also provide critical baseline information for the Kvichak River system, which is facing an uncertain future due to proposed large-scale industrial development and a rapidly changing climate.     

煤层底板隐伏陷落柱突水预测及采前注浆加固评价

华北型煤矿开采受底板岩溶强含水层威胁，通过对淮南张集矿1613A工作面底板隐伏岩溶陷落柱突水危险性分析，采用FLAC3D方法模拟采动条件下岩溶陷落柱活化过程。模拟结果显示:陷落柱上方的煤层底板岩体发生塑性变形，导致陷落柱附近岩体失稳，陷落柱筒壁产生局部剪切破坏，剪切破坏位置易导致奥灰强含水层发生陷落柱突水。采前采用注浆方法改造岩溶陷落柱，对改造后的陷落柱进行数值模拟分析，其内部注浆岩体对陷落柱筒壁具有良好的支撑作用，抑制了筒壁位置剪切破坏的发生，使有效隔水层厚度增大，降低了陷落柱突水的危险性。     

Landfill aeration in the framework of a reclamation project in Northern Italy

In situ aeration by means of the Airflow technology was proposed for landfill conditioning before landfill mining in the framework of a reclamation project in Northern Italy. A 1-year aeration project was carried out on part of the landfill with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of the Airflow technology for landfill aerobization, the evolution of waste biological stability during aeration and the effects on leachate and biogas quality and emissions.The main outcomes of the 1-year aeration project are presented in the paper.The beneficial effect of the aeration on waste biological stability was clear (63% reduction of the respiration index); however, the effectiveness of aeration on the lower part of the landfill is questionable, due to the limited potential for air migration into the leachate saturated layers.During the 1-year in situ aeration project approx. 275 MgC were discharged from the landfill body with the extracted gas, corresponding to 4.6 gC/kgDM. However, due to the presence of anaerobic niches in the aerated landfill, approx. 46% of this amount was extracted as CH₄, which is higher than reported in other aeration projects. The O₂ conversion quota was lower than reported in other similar projects, mainly due to the higher air flow rates applied.The results obtained enabled valuable recommendations to be made for the subsequent application of the Airflow technology to the whole landfill.     

Renewable energy consumption and its environmental impacts: A meta-regression analysis

This study involves a meta-analytical review of several articles, using the closest assumptions for the independent variable (renewable energy consumption), to determine the relationship with its environmental impacts. Furthermore, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in 2015 pays attention to related problems in both developing and developed countries. The effects of carbon emissions, natural resources, renewable energy consumption, and non-renewable energy on the environment are also reviewed. Following the separation of studies, the closest assumption was observed for the independent variable (energy source applications) of renewable energy. The meta-analysis was obtained using OpenMEE and JASP, and the results show the observed outcome, which was expressed in percentage. Based on the analysis, the Renewable Energy model has a value of 0.15, with the largest forest plots of 0.73, 0.69, and 0.80, recorded for studies 13, 19, and 23, respectively, while the least forest plots were recorded for studies 6, 11, 12, 15, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, and 28. Therefore, renewable energy consumption, specifically in the mining industry, has the capacity to influence global warming. The respective industry has a unique influence on the processes that require renewable energy, for instance, the coal mining industry produces a smaller forest plot value, compared to oil and gas, or other mineral industries.     

煤炭资源对县域经济发展的正负效应分析及转化建议——以安徽省涡阳县为例

以安徽省涡阳县为例,从分析煤炭资源开采对县域经济发展的正负效应影响和辩证关系转化的角度,提出煤炭资源对涡阳县域经济可持续发展的具体建议。     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Prior to PL95–87 little research had been conducted to determine the impacts of mining and reclamation practices on sediment concentrations and yields on a watershed scale. Furthermore, it was unknown whether sediment yield and other variables would return to undisturbed levels after reclamation. Therefore, three small watersheds, with differing lithologies and soils, were monitored for runoff and suspended sediment concentrations during three phases of watershed disturbances: undisturbed watershed condition, mining and reclamation disturbances, and post‐reclaimed condition. Profound increases in suspended‐sediment concentrations, load rates, and yields due to mining and reclamation activities, and subsequent drastic decreases after reclamation were documented. Even with increases in runoff potential, reductions in suspended‐sediment concentrations and load rates to below or near undisturbed‐watershed levels is possible by using the mulch‐crimping technique and by removing diversions. Maximum concentrations and load rates occurred during times of active disturbances that exposed loose soil and spoil to high‐intensity rains. Sediment concentrations remained elevated compared with the undisturbed watershed when diversions were not well maintained and overtopped, and when they were not removed for final reclamation. Diversions are useful for vegetation establishment, but should be maintained until they are removed for final reclamation after good vegetative cover is established.     

煤—焦炉气共热解脱硫脱氮的研究

本文对兖州高硫煤在不同压力、升温速率及终态温度条件下，与焦炉煤气在１０ｇ固定床反应器中共热解所得半焦无元素组成进行系统的分析比较，结果表明，在压力为３ＭＰａ温度为６５０℃，升温速率为５℃、ｍｉｎ＾－１较为温和的条件下，兖州高硫煤与焦炉气共热解的脱硫脱氮率分别高达８６．４７％和５９．６３％，硫在热解产品中的分布大致为：半焦中７０％，焦油中１０％，气相中２０％；氮的分布为：６０－７０％滞留的半焦中，２