“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游多维生态位及竞合发展策略研究

构建湛江、茂名、阳江3市和谐的滨海旅游竞合关系是粤西滨海旅游协同一体化高质量发展的重要内涵与实现途径。基于2012—2017年“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游相关统计数据,构建了滨海旅游生态位测评指标体系,运用旅游生态位理论模型综合测评了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度、扩充度和重叠度,深入分析了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游产业综合竞争力、竞争态势与竞争程度。结果发现:①“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度呈现“水平低、均衡化”的结构特征,3市滨海旅游产业综合竞争力与影响力弱,旅游综合竞争力从大到小的排序依次为湛江、茂名、阳江。②“湛茂阳”3市滨海旅游综合生态位扩充态势不明显,扩充度水平整体呈现均质化特征,局部存在一定程度的分异。③“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位重叠度高,旅游竞争激烈,旅游协同合作发展水平与效应较低。最后,从区域滨海旅游生态位的协同、错位、扩充3个视角科学提出了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游竞合发展策略。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

城市避难场所相关研究进展与展望

在阅读大量国内外文献基础上,对避难场所相关概念进行归纳总结,梳理避难场所相关研究的脉络,分析避难场所相关研究的演变与发展。重点对评价和选址两大研究主题进行深入探讨与归纳总结。已有研究成果较为丰富,但仍存在不足之处。目前,避难场所相关概念较多,尚无共识。已有研究对象多局限于绿地,而对城市中其他能够保障居民灾时安全的开敞空间挖掘不够。空间布局研究较为零散,方法有待更新,评价结果难以深入到城市内部空间结构,且忽略了居民避难行为的影响力。未来应①着力探索高效、规范的识别方法,明确城市中能真正保障居民灾时安全的避难空间;②强化灾害行为学研究,基于居民灾时行为特征进行避难空间评价与选址;③探讨避难空间在大城市蔓延与土地利用系统变化过程中的空间布局、演变特征与驱动力。     

Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats

Tidal flats are a globally distributed coastal ecosystem important for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local to continental-scale studies have documented rapid loss of tidal habitat driven by human impacts, but assessments of progress in their conservation are lacking. With an internally consistent estimate of distribution and change, based on Landsat satellite imagery, now available for the world's tidal flats, we examined tidal flat representation in protected areas (PAs) and human pressure on tidal flats. We determined tidal flat representation and its net change in PAs by spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas. Similarly, we overlaid the most recent distribution map of tidal flats (2014–2016) with the human modification map (HM_c) (range from 0, no human pressure, to 1, very high human pressure) to estimate the human pressure exerted on this ecosystem. Sixty-eight percent of the current extent of tidal flats is subject to moderate to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.1), but 31% of tidal flat extent occurred in PAs, far exceeding PA coverage of the marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) realms. Net change of tidal flat extent inside PAs was similar to tidal flat net change outside PAs from 1999 to 2016. Substantial shortfalls in protection of tidal flats occurred across Asia, where large intertidal extents coincided with high to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.4–1.0) and net tidal flat losses up to 86.4 km² (95% CI 83.9–89.0) occurred inside individual PAs in the study period. Taken together, our results show substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally, but that PA status alone does not prevent all habitat loss. Safeguarding the world's tidal flats will thus require deeper understanding of the factors that govern their dynamics and effective policy that promotes holistic coastal and catchment management strategies.     

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release in Toona sinensis plantation under the reconstruction mode of low-efficiency cypress forest gaps北大核心CSCD

Fine root decomposition is an important way in which nutrients are returned to plantation soil; thus, further study of this process will be helpful for understanding material cycling in forest ecosystems. We investigated a Toona sinensis plantation in the central Sichuan hilly region using litter bags containing T. sinensis fine roots to evaluate the dynamics of fine root decomposition and nutrient release for one year in forest gaps of 50 m2 (L1), 100 m2 (L2), and 150 m2 (L3). The results showed that T. sinensis fine root decomposition was fastest in the first 90 days. As time passed, the decomposition rate slowed. One year later, the residue rate was 75.44%, 73.92%, and 72.07%, respectively. The fine root decomposition rate of L3 was greater than that of L2, which was greater than that of L1. During fine root decomposition, the dynamics of the fine root nutrient concentrations changed. C, P, and K concentrations of the fine roots declined in forest gaps, while N, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased overall in the fine roots. In conclusion, forest gaps had effects on the fine root decomposition and nutrient release of T. sinensis, and different sized forest gaps produced different results. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

湿润亚热带森林锰、铜、锌随降雨分配的迁移动态特征

为探究森林生态系统中重金属随降雨分配迁移的特征,连续观测两年降雨,对比分析Mn、Cu、Zn在穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流中浓度、输出量、变异情况的差异,并讨论了重金属迁移规律的产生机制.结果表明,林型对雨水的再分配有较大影响.米槠次生林树干茎流水量极显著大于杉木人工成熟林,故前者树干茎流的重金属浓度低于后者;对于林内雨,穿透雨中重金属浓度在米槠次生林（阔叶林）更高,树干茎流中重金属浓度则在杉木人工成熟林（针叶林）更高.整体而言,林内雨的重金属浓度在旱季高于雨季,表现出明显的季节变化;林型对地表径流的影响较复杂,体现在植被类型、林龄、土壤理化性质等方面.本研究中,Mn随地表径流的输出量在米槠次生林显著大于其它3种林型;Zn在较大林龄的米槠次生林和杉木人工成熟林有更大的输出量;降雨分配过程中3种元素的浓度变异情况有所不同,表现为Mn变异最大,Zn次之,Cu最稳定.本研究结果对进一步了解森林生态系统中重金属的迁移特征提供了依据.     

我国典型森林土壤微生物驱动的氮代谢途径特征解析

微生物介导的氮代谢途径对生态系统结构和功能稳定性的维持起着重要作用,阐明微生物群落与氮代谢途径之间的关系可以从微观水平上扩展对氮代谢途径的理解.然而,微生物的基因水平转移使得基于分类学的方法并不能说明两者之间的关系.有研究表明,功能性状影响着群落构建和生态系统功能,将基于功能性状的研究方法应用于土壤微生物能更好地说明氮代谢途径的特征.因此,本文选择5种我国典型森林土壤,包括黑土（黑龙江哈尔滨）、暗棕壤（吉林长白山）、黄棕壤（湖北武汉）、红壤（福建福州）和砖红壤（海南乐东）,利用可以量化微生物功能性状的宏基因组技术对不同森林土的氮代谢途径特征进行了研究,主要包括氨同化、硝酸盐异化还原、硝酸盐同化还原、反硝化、硝化、固氮和厌氧氨氧化过程.结果表明,细菌序列在宏基因组文库中占主导位置,占所有序列的98.02%,且所涉及的几种氮代谢途径在细菌中都被检测到.5种森林土有着相同的氮代谢途径特征,即氨同化是细菌中检出频率最高的氮代谢途径,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到2830个氨同化途径的功能基因,固氮和厌氧氨氧化代谢途径检出频率较低,每百万个序列分别只检测到28.3和10.7个功能基因.不同森林土壤中同一氮代谢过程可由不同的微生物参与,且负责整个氮代谢途径的微生物的群落结构不完全相同.     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质素及纤维素/木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。     

互花米草对苏北滨海湿地表土有机碳更新的影响

自互花米草引入苏北滨海湿地后,逐渐替代本土植物盐蒿并形成单一植被的互花米草湿地.选择苏北地区盐蒿湿地及不同生长年限的互花米草湿地,采集其表层土壤样品,分别测定全土和分离的土壤粒径组分中总有机碳及δ13C值,分析湿地土壤有机碳浓度及其同位素组成的变化.结果表明,互花米草引入盐蒿湿地后,表层土壤有机碳浓度显著增加(增量达70%),且随着互花米草生长时间延长而明显增加.与盐蒿湿地相比,互花米草湿地土壤中大团聚体(>250mm)和微团聚体组分(53~250mm)有机碳浓度均显著增加,而粉粒组分(2~53mm)则无明显变化.互花米草湿地土壤原状土及各粒径组分的δ13C值均明显高于盐蒿土壤,源于互花米草的新碳在各粒径组分中均有分布,但主要富集在大团聚体组分中,占该组分总碳的31%~43%,说明互花米草生长对土壤有机碳浓度增加主要反映在粗粒径组分中,而对粉、黏粒组分则影响较小.     

黄河口滨海湿地水质污染物现状研究

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)和11月(平水期)在黄河入海口滨海湿地典型水域选取14个调查站点采集水样,测定水体营养盐、重金属、石油类等22项污染指标,采用内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质污染现状进行研究和评价.结果表明,滨海湿地整体水质属于轻度富营养化水平,并呈现逐年加剧趋势.湿地湖泊、黄河故道、国家自然保护区、养殖池塘等静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟为代表的支流水体污染较重,明显超过黄河主干河道.调查发现滨海湿地水体主要污染物为TN、TP、石油烃、Hg、NH4+-N、UIA和Chl-a等.与历史数据对比,湿地水体氮磷污染明显加剧,石油烃和Hg污染未见显著增长,其他重金属含量均未超标,整体水质污染形势不容乐观.