东北北部温带森林和干草地土壤养分分布及影响因素

土壤是陆地生态系统碳储存的重要场所,其养分变化与全球陆地碳循环密切相关。土壤养分是植物生长的重要保证,而土壤各养分之间是紧密联系的。理解土壤养分变化与环境因素的关系有助于更好地了解陆地生态系统碳、氮、磷循环。本研究以东北北部自东向西沿降水量梯度变化纬度带上的温带森林与干草地生态系统为研究对象,利用气象数据和野外土壤实测数据,分析了纬度带上不同植被类型土壤的有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷的空间分布格局及其与环境因子（年降水量、年均温、土壤pH值）的关系。研究纬度带上降水量自东向西逐渐减少,植被类型从温带森林过渡到干草原,与降水量和植被类型对应,植被生物量也自东向西呈现从高到低的分布梯度。研究结果表明：从整个研究带上来说,降水量与土壤pH值是土壤养分空间分布的决定因素,沿纬度带从东到西,随着降水量逐渐减少,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷含量逐渐减少。但如果将森林和草地分别讨论则发现,森林和草地生态系统的土壤养分环境控制因素有较大差别。对于草地生态系统而言,降水量和土壤pH值仍然是其土壤养分含量的控制因子,但森林生态系统由于所处区域降水量充足,降水量不再是其土壤养分的控制因子,降水量只与森林土壤碳氮比呈显著正相关。研究还发现森林土壤的速效磷含量与温度呈正相关,与土壤pH值呈负相关,说明温度对东北北部温带森林的土壤养分含量具有一定的控制作用。     

Assessing the impact of household participation on satisfaction and safe design in humanitarian shelter projects

Participation has long been considered important for post‐disaster recovery. Establishing what constitutes participation in post‐disaster shelter projects, however, has remained elusive, and the links between different types of participation and shelter programme outcomes are not well understood. Furthermore, recent case studies suggest that misguided participation strategies may be to blame for failures. This study analysed 19 shelter projects implemented in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 to identify the forms of participation employed. Using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, it assessed how household participation in the planning, design, and construction phases of shelter reconstruction led to outcomes of household satisfaction and safe shelter design. Participation was operationalised via eight central project tasks, revealing that the involvement of households in the early planning stages of projects and in construction activities were important for satisfaction and design outcomes, whereas engagement during the design phase of projects had little impact on the selected outcomes.     

青藏高原典型高寒森林地带CH4浓度特征分析

基于波长扫描光腔衰荡光谱线监测系统在海螺沟国家大气背景站(以下简称海螺沟站)开展甲烷(CH_4)连续自动监测,通过局部近似回归法进行背景值筛分分析。结果表明:2016、2017年海螺沟站CH_4年均体积分数和筛分的背景体积分数接近,两者浓度水平与北半球中纬度地区全球本底站CH_4浓度水平相当;海螺沟站CH_4能够代表背景区域浓度水平。海螺沟站CH_4体积分数呈春、夏季低,秋、冬季高特征,季节变化主要受到特定的地理环境和大气环流的影响,大气环流占主导影响。夏季CH_4体积分数最低但日振幅最大,与高原高海拔背景下森林地带的辐射对流引起局地扩散作用有关。采用逐步逼近回归筛分CH_4监测数据,海螺沟站CH_4背景季浓度变化和北半球中高纬度地区其他背景站大气CH_4的季节变化特征以及CH_4季体积分数振幅基本一致。背景站四季的CH_4载荷贡献在16个风向分布结果表明,在春、夏季存在西风带下南亚方向污染物气团的远距离输送;青藏高原东部近地面在冬季处于反气旋冷高压控制下,而SSW方向风向能够短暂打破这种稳定的气象条件,污染物得到迅速扩散,SSW为负贡献。     

“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游多维生态位及竞合发展策略研究

构建湛江、茂名、阳江3市和谐的滨海旅游竞合关系是粤西滨海旅游协同一体化高质量发展的重要内涵与实现途径。基于2012—2017年“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游相关统计数据,构建了滨海旅游生态位测评指标体系,运用旅游生态位理论模型综合测评了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度、扩充度和重叠度,深入分析了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游产业综合竞争力、竞争态势与竞争程度。结果发现:①“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度呈现“水平低、均衡化”的结构特征,3市滨海旅游产业综合竞争力与影响力弱,旅游综合竞争力从大到小的排序依次为湛江、茂名、阳江。②“湛茂阳”3市滨海旅游综合生态位扩充态势不明显,扩充度水平整体呈现均质化特征,局部存在一定程度的分异。③“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位重叠度高,旅游竞争激烈,旅游协同合作发展水平与效应较低。最后,从区域滨海旅游生态位的协同、错位、扩充3个视角科学提出了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游竞合发展策略。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

城市避难场所相关研究进展与展望

在阅读大量国内外文献基础上,对避难场所相关概念进行归纳总结,梳理避难场所相关研究的脉络,分析避难场所相关研究的演变与发展。重点对评价和选址两大研究主题进行深入探讨与归纳总结。已有研究成果较为丰富,但仍存在不足之处。目前,避难场所相关概念较多,尚无共识。已有研究对象多局限于绿地,而对城市中其他能够保障居民灾时安全的开敞空间挖掘不够。空间布局研究较为零散,方法有待更新,评价结果难以深入到城市内部空间结构,且忽略了居民避难行为的影响力。未来应①着力探索高效、规范的识别方法,明确城市中能真正保障居民灾时安全的避难空间;②强化灾害行为学研究,基于居民灾时行为特征进行避难空间评价与选址;③探讨避难空间在大城市蔓延与土地利用系统变化过程中的空间布局、演变特征与驱动力。     

Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats

Tidal flats are a globally distributed coastal ecosystem important for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local to continental-scale studies have documented rapid loss of tidal habitat driven by human impacts, but assessments of progress in their conservation are lacking. With an internally consistent estimate of distribution and change, based on Landsat satellite imagery, now available for the world's tidal flats, we examined tidal flat representation in protected areas (PAs) and human pressure on tidal flats. We determined tidal flat representation and its net change in PAs by spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas. Similarly, we overlaid the most recent distribution map of tidal flats (2014–2016) with the human modification map (HM_c) (range from 0, no human pressure, to 1, very high human pressure) to estimate the human pressure exerted on this ecosystem. Sixty-eight percent of the current extent of tidal flats is subject to moderate to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.1), but 31% of tidal flat extent occurred in PAs, far exceeding PA coverage of the marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) realms. Net change of tidal flat extent inside PAs was similar to tidal flat net change outside PAs from 1999 to 2016. Substantial shortfalls in protection of tidal flats occurred across Asia, where large intertidal extents coincided with high to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.4–1.0) and net tidal flat losses up to 86.4 km² (95% CI 83.9–89.0) occurred inside individual PAs in the study period. Taken together, our results show substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally, but that PA status alone does not prevent all habitat loss. Safeguarding the world's tidal flats will thus require deeper understanding of the factors that govern their dynamics and effective policy that promotes holistic coastal and catchment management strategies.     

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release in Toona sinensis plantation under the reconstruction mode of low-efficiency cypress forest gaps北大核心CSCD

Fine root decomposition is an important way in which nutrients are returned to plantation soil; thus, further study of this process will be helpful for understanding material cycling in forest ecosystems. We investigated a Toona sinensis plantation in the central Sichuan hilly region using litter bags containing T. sinensis fine roots to evaluate the dynamics of fine root decomposition and nutrient release for one year in forest gaps of 50 m2 (L1), 100 m2 (L2), and 150 m2 (L3). The results showed that T. sinensis fine root decomposition was fastest in the first 90 days. As time passed, the decomposition rate slowed. One year later, the residue rate was 75.44%, 73.92%, and 72.07%, respectively. The fine root decomposition rate of L3 was greater than that of L2, which was greater than that of L1. During fine root decomposition, the dynamics of the fine root nutrient concentrations changed. C, P, and K concentrations of the fine roots declined in forest gaps, while N, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased overall in the fine roots. In conclusion, forest gaps had effects on the fine root decomposition and nutrient release of T. sinensis, and different sized forest gaps produced different results. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

湿润亚热带森林锰、铜、锌随降雨分配的迁移动态特征

为探究森林生态系统中重金属随降雨分配迁移的特征,连续观测两年降雨,对比分析Mn、Cu、Zn在穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流中浓度、输出量、变异情况的差异,并讨论了重金属迁移规律的产生机制.结果表明,林型对雨水的再分配有较大影响.米槠次生林树干茎流水量极显著大于杉木人工成熟林,故前者树干茎流的重金属浓度低于后者;对于林内雨,穿透雨中重金属浓度在米槠次生林（阔叶林）更高,树干茎流中重金属浓度则在杉木人工成熟林（针叶林）更高.整体而言,林内雨的重金属浓度在旱季高于雨季,表现出明显的季节变化;林型对地表径流的影响较复杂,体现在植被类型、林龄、土壤理化性质等方面.本研究中,Mn随地表径流的输出量在米槠次生林显著大于其它3种林型;Zn在较大林龄的米槠次生林和杉木人工成熟林有更大的输出量;降雨分配过程中3种元素的浓度变异情况有所不同,表现为Mn变异最大,Zn次之,Cu最稳定.本研究结果对进一步了解森林生态系统中重金属的迁移特征提供了依据.     

我国典型森林土壤微生物驱动的氮代谢途径特征解析

微生物介导的氮代谢途径对生态系统结构和功能稳定性的维持起着重要作用,阐明微生物群落与氮代谢途径之间的关系可以从微观水平上扩展对氮代谢途径的理解.然而,微生物的基因水平转移使得基于分类学的方法并不能说明两者之间的关系.有研究表明,功能性状影响着群落构建和生态系统功能,将基于功能性状的研究方法应用于土壤微生物能更好地说明氮代谢途径的特征.因此,本文选择5种我国典型森林土壤,包括黑土（黑龙江哈尔滨）、暗棕壤（吉林长白山）、黄棕壤（湖北武汉）、红壤（福建福州）和砖红壤（海南乐东）,利用可以量化微生物功能性状的宏基因组技术对不同森林土的氮代谢途径特征进行了研究,主要包括氨同化、硝酸盐异化还原、硝酸盐同化还原、反硝化、硝化、固氮和厌氧氨氧化过程.结果表明,细菌序列在宏基因组文库中占主导位置,占所有序列的98.02%,且所涉及的几种氮代谢途径在细菌中都被检测到.5种森林土有着相同的氮代谢途径特征,即氨同化是细菌中检出频率最高的氮代谢途径,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到2830个氨同化途径的功能基因,固氮和厌氧氨氧化代谢途径检出频率较低,每百万个序列分别只检测到28.3和10.7个功能基因.不同森林土壤中同一氮代谢过程可由不同的微生物参与,且负责整个氮代谢途径的微生物的群落结构不完全相同.