Histopathological alterations in gill,liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos

Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, intoxicated with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (O,O,-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) pesticide (1 and 100 μg/L) for a period of 14 days were analyzed under light microscope. Gill exhibited hyperplasia and hypertrophy of gill epithelium, blood congestion, dilation of marginal channel, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, lamellar disorganization, lamellar aneurysm, rupture of the lamellar epithelium, rupture of pillar cells and necrosis. Alterations in hepatocytes were more pronounced, including nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, cellular atrophy, irregular contour of cells and nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration, cellular rupture, pyknotic nucleus, necrosis and melanomacrophages aggregations. Histopathological lesions in kidney were cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, narrowing of tubular lumen, cytoplasmic vacuolation, hyaline droplet degeneration, nuclear degeneration, occlusion of tubular lumen, tubular regeneration, dilation of glomerular capillaries, degeneration of glomerulus and hemorrhage in Bowman's space. The most significant conclusion drawn from this study was that with the increased concentration and duration the toxicosis of chlorpyrifos would be enhanced as shown through the analysis of mean assessment value (MAV) and degree of tissue changes (DTC) also.     

进口机械设备在IEC 60204标准检测中常见问题与分析

2011年广东出入境检验检疫局对广东省内到货安装调试后,投入生产之前的进口机械设备进行了专项检测,现将检测中常见问题,并结合IEC 60204-1对上述问题进行分析及提出相应的解决方法。     

土层锚杆的常见病害及防治对策研究

为了深入研究土层锚杆可能出现的各种病害及原因,有针对性地提出防治措施,进行了室内模型试验.根据试验结果分析了在水的作用下土层锚杆破坏时的应力传递过程,提出土层锚杆发生破坏时所遵循的逐次破坏的突破观点.首先失效的是坡顶锚杆,其次是坡脚的锚杆,最后才是坡体中部的锚杆.并对破坏时土层锚杆发生的6种病害形式进行了详细论述及原因分析: 灌浆体和土体界面的破坏、土体的破坏、锥体-黏结复合破坏、锥体破坏、灌浆体的拉裂和压碎、灌浆体与杆体之间的黏结破坏.在综合分析的基础上,提出了土层锚杆常见病害防治的几个关键性对策.     

Untangling outcomes of de jure and de facto community‐based management of natural resources

We systematically reviewed the literature on the tragedy of the commons and common‐property resources. We segregated studies by legal management regimes (de jure regimes) and management that develops in practice (de facto regimes) to understand how the structure of regime formation affects the outcome of community management on sustainability of resource use. De facto regimes, developed within the community, are more likely to have positive impacts on the resource. However, de facto regimes are fragile and not resilient in the face of increased population pressure and unregulated markets, and de facto management regimes are less successful where physical exclusion of external agents from resources is more difficult. Yet, formalization or imposition of de jure management regimes can have complicated impacts on sustainability. The imposition of de jure regimes usually has a negative outcome when existing de facto regimes operate at larger scales than the imposed de jure regime. In contrast, de jure regimes have largely positive impacts when the de facto regimes operate at scales smaller than the overlying de jure regimes. Formalization may also be counterproductive because of elite capture and the resulting de facto privatization (that allows elites to effectively exclude others) or de facto open access (where the disenfranchised may resort to theft and elites cannot effectively exclude them). This underscores that although the global movement to formalize community‐management regimes may address some forms of inequity and may produce better outcomes, it does not ensure resource sustainability and may lead to greater marginalization of users. Comparison of governance systems that differentiate between initiatives that legitimize existing de facto regimes and systems that create new de facto regimes, investigations of new top‐down de jure regimes, and studies that further examine different approaches to changing de jure regimes to de facto regimes are avenues for further inquiry.     

考虑组织因素的液化天然气泄漏安全评价方法

为考虑组织因素对于人因失误发生的根本性影响,提出一种以贝叶斯网络(BN)为工具的人因风险分析方法,并用于液化天然气泄漏的安全评价。先将认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM)的共同绩效条件(CPC)分成3层,即组织层、技术系统层和个人层。以BN为工具,利用其因果推理和诊断推理的功能,进行人因失误预测和追溯的双向分析。将考虑组织因素的人员操作失误概率引入浮式液化天然气船(FLNGV)装卸过程LNG泄漏的BN中,进行LNG泄漏的安全评价以及事故原因的重要度分析。结果表明,"执行"失误是LNG泄漏最主要的事故原因,而个人层的CPC会对执行失误产生较大的影响。     

跨境水资源分配典型模式特征评述及中国主张思考

跨境河流治理的核心是跨境水资源分配问题。结合案例分析,从流域国利益关系视角概括出四种跨境水资源分配典型模式——“强权”模式、“传承”模式、“绅士”模式和“共享”模式,并从适用条件、磋商履约、运行效率和潜在问题等方面进行特征评述。对跨境河流水资源分配的中国主张提出如下建议：拒绝“强权”模式,依托“一带一路”走出“水霸权”话语困境;主张“共享”模式,倡导构建跨境水资源“命运共同体”;对水资源相对丰沛的跨境流域,主张创新特殊水情下的跨境水资源调控机制;对水资源相对稀缺的跨境流域,通过实施虚拟水贸易战略促进“共享”;排除外界干扰,主张建立独立、权威的跨境水资源协调机构。     

Defect and Innovation of Water Rights System

Abstract

The rare deposition of water resources conflicts with its limitless demand. This determined the existence of the water rights transaction system. The implementation of the water rights transaction system requires clarifying the definition of water resource right above all distinctly. At present, it is a kind of common right system arrangement which needs the Chinese government to dispose of water resources. Though a series of management systems guaranteed the government’s supply of water resource, it hindered the development of the water market seriously and caused the utilization of water resources to stay in the inefficient or low efficient state for a long time. Thus, we should change the government’s leading role in the resource distribution and really rely on the market to carry on the water rights trade and transaction. In this way, the water rights could become a kind of private property right relatively, and circulate freely in the market. As a result of this, we should overcome the defects of common right, make its external performance internalized maximally and achieve the optimized water resource disposition and use it more effectively.     

基于模糊评判和RCM的CTCS-3级车地通信子系统维修决策

CTCS-3级车地通信子系统是列控系统的重要组成部分之一,且列控系统需求的列车位置、行车许可、临时限速等安全信息都由其提供,因此,对其进行可靠性分析具有十分重要的意义。采用贝叶斯网络对系统进行可靠性分析,并对维修方式进行了讨论。首先,根据车地通信子系统的功能与结构构建其贝叶斯网络模型。然后,综合考虑维修性、共因失效等因素,对车地通信子系统进行可靠性分析。最后,在可靠性分析的基础上运用模糊综合评判法对其进行维修决策。结果表明:利用贝叶斯网络的双向推理,不仅可以计算出车地通信子系统的可靠度,还可以有效识别系统的薄弱环节;若不考虑车地通信系统冗余结构中的共因失效,则得到的可靠性指标会偏于乐观。地面GSM-R单元失效是引起车地通信子系统失效的关键事件,因此针对此薄弱环节进行状态维修检查能够有效降低事故的发生概率。     

环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常见问题探讨

针对环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常出现的问题,从仪器、废水中的乳化现象、分析试剂的精制、地表水采样、准确度分析、测油的危害及安全防护等多个方面进行探讨,并提出对策。     

Creation of a Gilded Trap by the High Economic Value of the Maine Lobster Fishery

Abstract: Unsustainable fishing simplifies food chains and, as with aquaculture, can result in reliance on a few economically valuable species. This lack of diversity may increase risks of ecological and economic disruptions. Centuries of intense fishing have extirpated most apex predators in the Gulf of Maine (United States and Canada), effectively creating an American lobster (Homarus americanus) monoculture. Over the past 20 years, the economic diversity of marine resources harvested in Maine has declined by almost 70%. Today, over 80% of the value of Maine's fish and seafood landings is from highly abundant lobsters. Inflation‐corrected income from lobsters in Maine has steadily increased by nearly 400% since 1985. Fisheries managers, policy makers, and fishers view this as a success. However, such lucrative monocultures increase the social and ecological consequences of future declines in lobsters. In southern New England, disease and stresses related to increases in ocean temperature resulted in more than a 70% decline in lobster abundance, prompting managers to propose closing that fishery. A similar collapse in Maine could fundamentally disrupt the social and economic foundation of its coast. We suggest the current success of Maine's lobster fishery is a gilded trap. Gilded traps are a type of social trap in which collective actions resulting from economically attractive opportunities outweigh concerns over associated social and ecological risks or consequences. Large financial gain creates a strong reinforcing feedback that deepens the trap. Avoiding or escaping gilded traps requires managing for increased biological and economic diversity. This is difficult to do prior to a crisis while financial incentives for maintaining the status quo are large. The long‐term challenge is to shift fisheries management away from single species toward integrated social‐ecological approaches that diversify local ecosystems, societies, and economies.