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991.
人工湿地组合工艺对水体中浮游动物群落结构的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了在不同水力负荷条件下[0.6 m3·(m2·d)-1,0.8 m3·(m2·d)-1,1.0 m3·(m2·d)-1],人工湿地组合工艺系统对浮游动物群落结构的影响和在相同的水力负荷下,人工湿地组合工艺系统对浮游动物群落结构影响的季节性变化.结果表明,在水力冲击负荷为0.8 m3·(m2·d)-1时对浮游动物群落结构的影响相对较大;春、夏、秋季的作用强于冬季,而秋季对浮游动物群落结构的影响最大;对大型浮游动物的影响大(去除率≥70%),对小型浮游动物的影响相对小一些,湿地出水中出现了一些进水中没有的种类;稳定塘的存在对浮游动物的群落结构变化起到了缓解作用,组合工艺(下行流湿地→兼性塘)的作用效果较弱;下行流→上行流湿地→推流床湿地和下行流湿地→推流床湿地的作用效果较强,对浮游动物的影响较大. 相似文献
992.
YAEL MANDELIK†‡ TAMAR DAYAN VLADIMIR CHIKATUNOV VASILIY KRAVCHENKO 《Conservation biology》2007,21(6):1506-1515
Abstract: A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort. 相似文献
993.
The small-rodent populations of five collective gardens have been studied. The example of one of the populations has been used to monitor the annual cycle of population size. The species composition and animal number depends on the biotope, climatic conditions, and the anthropogenic load. The ratios between species in the gardens and neighboring biotopes differ from each other, with different species being dominant. It is assumed that small mammals use garden plots as refugia. 相似文献
994.
Holly H. Bennett Michael W. Mullen Paul M. Stewart James A. Sawyer E. Cliff Webber 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(1):43-51
ABSTRACT: Activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and mining contribute nonpoint pollution to Alabama's streams through polluted runoff and excessive sedimentation. Highly erodible soils characteristic of the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed, combined with intense rainfall and land use practices, contribute large amounts of sediment to streams. Biological monitoring can reflect the acute impacts of pollutants as well as prolonged effects of habitat alteration, and development of biological criteria is important for the establishment of enforceable laws regarding nonpoint source pollution. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 49 randomly selected sites from first through sixth‐order streams in the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed and were identified to genus level. Thirty‐eight candidate metrics were examined, and an invertebrate community index (ICI) was calibrated by eliminating metrics that failed to separate impaired from unimpaired streams. Each site was scored with those metrics, and narrative scores were assigned based on ICI scores. Least impacted sites scored significantly lower than sites impacted by row crop agriculture, cattle, and urban land uses. Conditions in the watershed suggest that the entire area has experienced degradation through past and current land use practices. An initial validation of the index was performed and is described. Additional evaluations of the index are in progress. 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
Community networks are self-organized groupings that form for many different reasons. Some networks, connected mainly through
bonding ties, are based on personal interests and relationships; others, based mainly on bridging ties, centre around broader
interests. These networks form to create collective agency for engaging with social, environmental, and other issues through
the concentration of social capital. The multi-scaled and evolutionary nature of sustainable development issues requires that
community groups dedicated to engaging with such issues be particularly diverse, resilient, and flexible. As such, they must
build a large number of bridging ties leading to external resources and limit the potential for bonding ties to impose constraining
norms upon the group.
Over time, however, volunteer groups tend towards a state of homophily, the tendency of groups to form from similar actors
and then become more similar with time. This tendency leads to a decrease in the number of the bridging ties that help to
provide group agency. Homophily must be actively recognized within community sustainable development groups if they are to
remain effective over the long term. This paper suggests methods to prevent and control group homophily drawn from experience
in forming small, time-limited sustainable development networks.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
998.
LARS A. BRUDVIG§ CATHERINE M. MABRY JAMES R. MILLER† TRACY A. WALKER‡ 《Conservation biology》2007,21(3):864-874
Abstract: Reintroduction of fire and grazing, alone or in combination, has increasingly been recognized as central to the restoration of North American mixed-grass and tallgrass prairies. Although ecological studies of these systems are abundant, they have generally been observational, or if experimental, have focused on plant species diversity. Species diversity measures alone are not sufficient to inform management, which often has goals associated with life-form groups and individual species. We examined the effects of prescribed fire, light cattle grazing, and a combination of fire and grazing on three vegetation components: species diversity, groups of species categorized by life-form, and individual species. We evaluated how successful these three treatments were in achieving specific management goals for prairies in the Iowa Loess Hills (U.S.A.). The grazing treatment promoted the greatest overall species richness, whereas grazing and burning and grazing treatments resulted in the lowest cover by woody species. Burning alone best achieved the management goals of increasing the cover and diversity of native species and reducing exotic forb and (predominantly exotic) cool-season grass cover. Species-specific responses to treatments appeared idiosyncratic (i.e., within each treatment there existed a set of species attaining their highest frequency) and nearly half of uncommon species were present in only one treatment. Because all management goals were not achieved by any one treatment, we conclude that management in this region may need refining. We suggest that a mosaic of burning and grazing (alone and in combination) may provide the greatest landscape-level species richness; however, this strategy would also likely promote the persistence of exotic species. Our results support the need to consider multiple measures, including species-specific responses, when planning and evaluating management . 相似文献
999.
Conserving genetic diversity requires an assessment of the distribution of genetic variants in relation to patterns of land
use and environmental variation at a regional scale. This assessment requires a novel approach to integrating and analyzing
the genetic and environmental data across spatial scales. To explore the integration of genetic data with other geospatial
data sets, we developed a GIS-based approach for examining patterns of genetic diversity for several species of salamanders
in southern Appalachians. The genetic data, from allozyme surveys in the genetics literature, were integrated into a GIS database
along with related attributes including population identifications and spatial locations. Using existing geospatial data,
we classified sample locations as being either protected from anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., National Parks, Wilderness
Areas) or as unprotected (e.g., private lands, multiple-use lands in National Forests). We used multidimensional scaling of
allelic frequencies and contributions of populations to interpopulation differences in allelic richness to determine which
populations had genetic characteristics most different from other populations in the sample. Measures of genetic differentiation
were integrated into the GIS database to facilitate spatial analysis and visualization of the indices in relation to land
use. This approach was useful for both identification of populations with components of genetic variation that were not well
represented at protected sites and for identifying areas of species distributions where more genetic sampling would be necessary
to make informed management decisions. Our approach could be readily adapted for use by managers and geneticists working with
other species and types of genetic markers. 相似文献
1000.
Luna EM 《Disasters》2001,25(3):216-226
The Philippines is very vulnerable to natural disasters because of its natural setting, as well as its socio-economic, political and environmental context--especially its widespread poverty. The Philippines has a well-established institutional and legal framework for disaster management, including built-in mechanisms for participation of the people and NGOs in decision-making and programme implementation. The nature and extent of collaboration with government in disaster preparedness and mitigation issues varies greatly according to their roots, either in past confrontation and political struggles or traditional charity activities. The growing NGO involvement in disaster management has been influenced by this history. Some agencies work well with local government and there is an increasing trend for collaborative work in disaster mitigation and preparedness. Some NGOs, however, retain critical positions. These organisations tend to engage more in advocacy and legal support for communities facing increased risk because of development projects and environmental destruction. Entry points into disaster mitigation and preparedness vary as well. Development-oriented agencies are drawn into these issues when the community members with whom they work face disaster. Relief organisations, too, realise the need for community mobilisation, and are thus drawn towards development roles. 相似文献