欧洲膜技术的研究与应用

欧洲各国由于地理位置、人口的压力,对膜技术有较大需求和应用市场,在全球膜技术研究与应用领域处于领先地位。了解欧洲膜技术研究及应用状况、存在问题,预测未来发展趋势,对我国膜行业的发展有重要的借鉴作用。分析表明,2013年欧洲国家在SCI杂志发表有关膜技术的论文1 109篇,增长趋势明显;法、德在膜技术研究领域处于领先地位。市场调查表明,微滤膜与超滤膜在欧洲膜市场中占据主导地位,分别占其销售总额的46%和23%;当前欧洲的膜产业主要集中于MBR与海水淡化,MBR在欧洲工业废水中的应用较早,垃圾渗沥液与食品饮料行业占据较大份额。欧洲的地理条件,日益严格的用水标准及相关政策法规为膜技术的应用提供了良好的外部环境,市场的充分竞争也将催生更有优势的膜产品与技术,进而增大其在全球膜市场中的份额。借鉴欧洲膜产业的发展经验,我国需通过运用经济与技术的双重调节手段,健全膜行业标准与政策法规,培育龙头企业提升我国膜行业市场的国际竞争力。     

双重环境规制下政府经济竞争对绿色高质量发展的影响

利用我国2008~2018年277个地级及以上城市面板数据,基于EBM模型与GML指数测度并分析绿色全要素生产率（GTFP）,在此基础上系统分析双重环境规制下政府经济竞争与GTFP间存在的非线性关系.结果发现：绿色技术进步是中国GTFP增长的主要引擎,但各地区的驱动力不尽相同;政府经济竞争对GTFP具有显著的抑制作用,并存在隐性规制的单门槛效应,但地区间存在差异,西部和东北地区存在隐性规制单门槛,而东部地区门槛效应不显著;外商直接投资和科技投入支出均造成辖区内GTFP损失,产业结构在一定程度上缓解了环境问题,但存在区域异质性.     

河南省入境旅游市场时空演变规律研究

在分析河南省入境旅游市场发展现状的基础上,应用地理集中指数、亲景度和竞争态三种市场指标体系和EXCEL统计软件对河南入境旅游客源市场进行分析,揭示了河南入境旅游市场时空演替规律.据此划分河南入境旅游的重点市场、主要市场、潜在市场和机会市场,并提出了进一步拓展河南入境旅游客源市场的几点建议.     

The role of conjugation in the gene-individual-population relationships in increasing eco-exergy

The genotypic and phenotypic processes were incorporated into one system in the gene-individual-population relationships under the framework of Individual based models (IBMs). The gene types addressing different degrees of metabolic efficiency and toxin susceptibility were provided as attributes in the individuals. Subsequently ecological processes such as food competition and movement were allowed concurrently on the 2-D space to determine the suitable species adapted to the system. The integrative gene-individual-population model accordingly responded to gene exchanges between the neighboring individuals through conjugation. At a substantially low level of gene exchange, system heterogeneity increased to produce high levels of eco-exergy, being presented by species diversity and total population size in the system. The issues related to genetic and ecological effects in the integrative gene-individual-population relationships were further discussed.     

UV-B辐射增强对亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争关系对UV-B辐射增强的响应变化．结果表明,不同的接种密度对亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争有明显的影响．当亚历山大藻(A)和赤潮异弯藻(H)的接种比例为A：H=1：4时,赤潮异弯藻在与亚历山大藻的竞争中占优势;当接种比例为A：H=1：1和A：H=4：1时,亚历山大藻在竞争中占优势．UV—B辐射增强可改变亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争的关系,使赤潮异弯藻的种群竞争能力降低,使亚历山大藻的种群竞争能力大大提高,从而导致亚历山大藻在处理Ⅱ(A：H=1：1)和处理Ⅲ(A：H=4：1)中的优势地位更加明显．     

跨界水资源冲突动因与协调模式研究

跨界水资源冲突的主要表现形式为跨界水污染、取水、水利工程、河道采砂冲突。以区域利益为视角,运用经济学理论分析发现,跨界水资源冲突的主要动因有:①区域竞争引发跨界水资源冲突;②水资源空间特性引发跨界冲突;③水资源外部性引发跨界冲突;④水资源准公共品属性引发的跨界冲突。基于博弈理论,跨界水资源冲突协调可分三个阶段、五个步骤开展。第一个阶段为准备阶段,主要实施跨界水资源冲突信息的收集与分析处理、关键影响因子的识别;第二个阶段为协调阶段,主要包括调处方案的设计和评价;第三个阶段为实施阶段,主要为协议的达成与实施。     

Understanding yields in alley cropping maize (Zea mays L.) and Cassia siamea Lam. under semi-arid conditions in Machakos, eastern Kenya

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｎｌｙａｂｏｕｔ 2 0 %ｏｆＫｅｎｙａ’ｓｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄａｒｅａｈａｓｈｉｇｈｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｂｅｉｎｇａｒｉｄｏｒｓｅｍｉ ａｒｉｄ .ＴｈｅａｎｎｕａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｉｎＫｅｎｙａｏｆｃｌｏｓｅｔｏ 4 %ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ (ｅ .ｇ .ＵｎｉｔｅｄＮａｔｉｏｎｓＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅ ,1990 ) .Ｔｈｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｌ…     

轻烃类VOCs在活性炭上的动态吸附行为

采用BET,XRD,FTIR技术对两类椰壳活性炭进行了表征,考察了空速和吸附温度对正戊烷和正己烷动态吸附穿透容量(DPC)及穿透时间的影响,并对正戊烷和正己烷的二元竞争吸附过程进行了研究。结果表明:两类活性炭材料的组成和官能团结构相似,具有大量微孔的片状活性炭(FAC)有利于轻烃类VOCs的吸附;采用FAC吸附正己烷时,DPC对空速和温度变化不敏感;二元竞争吸附过程中,开始阶段正戊烷和正己烷同时被吸附,随后已被吸附的正戊烷被强吸附质正己烷部分置换,直至正己烷吸附饱和,与一元吸附相比,正己烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量略有增加,正戊烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量大幅降低。     

间接竞争ELISA法测定稻田土壤中除草剂毒莠定的残留量

通过对反应体系中酶标二抗(辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗兔IgG)和抗体的最佳稀释浓度等条件的筛选和确定,最终建立了一种快速灵敏地测定污染稻田土壤中毒莠定残留量的方法--间接竞争ELISA分析方法.结果表明,酶标二抗和抗体的最佳稀释度均为1:500(体积比),毒莠定的检出下限达到5 ng·mL-1,在0.07～0.7μg·mL-1浓度范围内有良好的线性;土壤浸出液加样的平均回收率为104.11%,变异系数在3.13%～11.13%之间,符合农药残留分析的要求;样品基质对检测结果没有干扰.     

Bilateral symmetry and social dominance in captive male red-winged blackbirds

There has been much recent interest in subtle departures from perfect symmetry in bilaterally paired morphological characters, and the extent to which such departures reflect aspects of individual quality. We used data from aviary contests involving pairs of wild-caught male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to test the hypothesis that comparatively symmetrical males are disproportionately successful in intra-sexual competition for food. Although paired contestants showed clear and consistent differences in competitive ability, there was no indication that symmetrical males were competitively superior. Winners and losers of aviary contests were indistinguishable based on asymmetry measures made on each of four bilateral characters (tarsus length, wing chord, and two epaulet dimensions), and for a fifth character (length of outer retrix), asymmetry differences, though significant, occurred in the direction opposite to that predicted. Furthermore, there was no detectable association between male competitive ability and a composite measure that combined asymmetry information across all five characters. Our results, in combination with those of several other recent avian studies, suggest that symmetry is generally a poor predictor of social dominance in birds. This finding is inconsistent with the proposal that symmetry provides a readily obtained, reliable measure of phenotypic quality. Received: 15 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 26 September 1997