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排序方式: 共有426条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
水分调节材料对牛粪堆肥氨气挥发的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用通风式堆肥发酵方式研究了牛粪堆制过程中氨气的挥发特征和锯末、稻壳、稻草等不同水分调节材料对氨气挥发的影响。结果表明,牛粪堆制过程中主要在前期,尤其是在最初的2周内释放氨气;堆肥期间挥发的氨态氮约为牛粪总含氮量的17%~50%。不同水分调节材料都可以在一定程度上抑制氨气的挥发,但锯末抑制氨气挥发效果最好,其次是稻壳,稻草抑制氨气挥发的效果较小。因此,为了减少氮素损失,应采取适当措施抑制氨挥发或回收挥发的氨气。 相似文献
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人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物区系与分子多态性的变化 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
采用传统培养方法和PCR-DGGE技术研究了人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物群落的演变过程。结果表明:(1)传统培养方法显示,两种堆肥堆制过程中微生物数量均呈“升高—降低—升高—降低”变化趋势,整个堆肥过程中细菌数量占优势。(2)DGGE图谱显示,两种堆肥不同时期存在不同的细菌种群,其条带数量亦呈“升高—降低—升高—降低”变化趋势。堆肥升温期条带丰富但优势条带不明显;堆肥高温期条带数量减少但出现优势条带,表明高温阶段以嗜热菌或耐高温菌为主;堆肥降温期条带数量再次增多;堆肥腐熟期条带数量少且无优势条带,表明腐熟阶段微生物种群数量少且代谢强度趋于平缓。(3)DGGE图谱表明,人工接种菌株成为堆肥高温期优势菌株。人工接种增加了堆肥中微生物总量,提高了堆肥微生物种群多样性,并且促进了堆肥菌群演替,从而缩短堆肥腐熟时间。 相似文献
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Fate of ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gustavsson LK Klee N Olsman H Hollert H Engwall M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(6):379-387
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds. METHODS: An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile. CONCLUSIONS: The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management. 相似文献
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利用卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置进行间歇式动态堆肥,对污水厂厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥试验研究.通过控制各组堆肥的含水率、物料配比和通气量,重点探讨各种条件下堆体温度与有机物降解的关系.试验结果表明,厌氧消化污泥以木屑为调理剂在装置中可以实现好氧堆肥处理,其适宜的物料控制参数为:污泥:木屑=10:1~1.5(湿重比),堆肥含水率50%~60%;过程控制参数为:通风量为6.7~8.3 m3/h·t,发酵周期为8 d,温度45℃. 相似文献
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三峡库区垃圾污染现状及治理技术 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
如何搞好三峡库区的生态环境保护已成为全世界关注的课题,介绍了库区生活垃圾污染现状,并根据库区生活垃圾的特性及当地的经济发展和自然条件,对三峡库区生活垃圾的综合治理进行了系统研究,建议三峡库区垃圾实行分类收集,系统地将城区生活垃圾的管理、收集、运输和处理等各个环节有机结合起来,逐步建立起高效完善的现代化城市生活垃圾管理体系。重点介绍了准好氧垃圾卫生填埋技术和CBS(Cental Bilolgical System)城市生活垃圾高效菌种堆肥技术,秭归、巴东等烧煤区生活垃圾含无机物成分较高,建议选用准好氧填埋技术;涪陵、开县、忠县等燃气区生活垃圾有机物成分较高,已具备一定的资源化价值,高效菌种CBS堆肥技术在燃气区具有广阔的前景。 相似文献
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