高效石油降解微生物堆制法处理油污土壤

采用高效石油降解菌复合堆制法来处理油污土壤(土样1和土样2),对过程中的基本参数如温度、pH和水分进行适时的调控;定期分析添加的高效石油降解菌菌数变化以及总油含量变化,结果表明这种堆制方式对油污土壤的修复作用十分明显,扣除其他因素的影响,生物修复的去除率分别为42.9%和44.3%。     

污泥生物处理技术在长江大保护中的应用前景

污泥是污水处理的副产物,是污水处理过程的延续和必然要求.截至2017年,长江经济带11省市污泥产量接近2 000×104 t/a,大量污泥没有得到妥善处置,严重制约着“长江水质根本好转”目标的实现.厌氧消化与好氧发酵是两种主流的污泥生物处理技术,都已有广泛的应用案例,但是也存在运营不畅的现象.为识别长江大保护中污泥生物处理项目的问题并提出解决方案,分析了长江经济带的污泥产率及性质,梳理了污泥生物处理技术的发展及适用性.结果表明:长江经济带各省市污泥产量约占全国污泥产量的40%,污泥产率普遍低于全国平均水平,长江经济带各省市污泥有机质含量低于55%,pH为中性、总养分含量超过5.0%、重金属含量存在超过GB 4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》标准限值的风险;高级厌氧消化、协同厌氧消化和高含固厌氧消化等技术的发展破解了由于长江经济带污泥有机质含量普遍较低而导致的污泥厌氧消化稳定性低的问题,降低了污泥厌氧消化工程的成本;污泥好氧发酵过程重金属钝化技术的发展在一定程度上破解了由于长江经济带污泥重金属含量过高而导致的污泥发酵产物出路不畅的问题.研究显示,污泥生物处理技术仍具有一定的局限性,但通过合适的规划,污泥生物处理技术可与其他污泥处理处置技术高效耦合,具有广泛应用于长江大保护污泥处理处置项目的潜力.      

微生物发酵菌和生物质炭及蘑菇渣对污泥堆肥效果的影响

为解决污泥的处理处置难题,实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化,在污泥中添加蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭等辅料,进行共堆肥试验,设置T1（不添加辅料）、T2（添加30%的园林枯枝）、T3（添加20%的园林枯枝、9.9%的蘑菇渣和0.1%的微生物发酵菌）、T4（添加20%的园林枯枝和10%的生物质炭）,以及T5（添加20%的园林枯枝、4.9%的蘑菇渣、0.1%的微生物发酵菌和5%的酸化生物质炭）5个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中温度变化、肥料的理化特性以及GI（发芽指数）.结果显示:①T5处理的效果最好,堆肥至第3天,堆体温度达到70.5℃,并且温度不低于50℃的时间达到19 d. ②T5处理肥料的w（TKN）（TKN为总凯氏氮）、w（TP）和w（TK）均最高,分别达到3.88、0.64和1.10 g/kg,远高于其他4个处理;产品的GI随堆肥时间的延长逐渐增长,达到183%. ③T5处理的NH₃排放最少,氮元素流失最低,能最大程度的转化成固化无机氮;残渣态重金属含量最高,不易浸出到环境中进入生态系统,生物毒性低.研究显示,蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭能够促进污泥的腐熟,减少二次污染的产生,产品质量较好.      

Options for cleanup and disposal of pesticide wastes generated on a small‐scale

Abstract

Many processes have been investigated to dispose of obsolete pesticide stocks and clean up wastewater and contaminated soil. The processes vary in their stages of development and commercial utility. With the exception of incineration, no single process may be amenable to all pesticide waste. Thus, any chosen process must consider first the chemical constituents needing remediation, their concentration, and desired or regulated cleanup objectives. Incineration seems too impractical and expensive to clean up routinely generated wastewater and contaminated soil, but it may currently be the only practical option for obsolete stocks . Practical remediation processes for wastewater and contaminated soil produced by small waste generators are discussed. Cleanup should be viewed as an integration of physical, chemical, and biological technologies.     

接种白腐菌堆肥修复五氯酚污染的土壤

采用4组堆肥装置A、B、C、D,分别往五氯酚污染土壤中不加外来菌、加入固定化黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、加入游离黄孢原毛平革菌及暴露在空气中不做任何处理.对其进行对比研究,探讨了利用堆肥的方法对五氯酚污染土壤进行生物修复的可行性.结果说明,添加黄孢原毛平革菌进行堆肥修复其效果要好于不加菌的效果,经过60d的堆肥,PCP基本得到降解,降解率都达到了94%以上,其中固定化菌又优于游离菌,固定化菌在第9d对PCP的降解率就达到了50%.此外,通过分析种子发芽率,有机质,微生物量碳等多项指标可以看出各组堆肥的腐熟情况都比较理想,为黄孢原毛平革菌降解五氯酚的过程提供了良好的外部环境,使土壤修复与堆肥能较好地结合起来.     

Effect of composting on the Cd,Zn and Mn content and fractionation in feedstock mixtures with wood chips from a short-rotation coppice and bark

Micronutrient content and availability in composts may be affected by the addition of wood chips or tree bark as a bulking agent in the compost feedstock. In the first part of this study, micronutrient levels were assessed in bark and wood of poplar and willow clones in a short-rotation coppice. Large differences between species were observed in bark concentrations for Cd, Zn and Mn. In the second part of the study, we aimed to determine the effect of feedstock composition and composting on Cd, Zn and Mn concentrations and availability. By means of three composting experiments we examined the effect of (a) bark of different tree species, (b) the amount of bark, and (c) the use of bark versus wood chips. In general, compost characteristics such as pH, organic matter and nutrient content varied due to differences in feedstock mixture and composting process. During the composting process, the availability of Cd, Zn and Mn decreased, although the use of willow and poplar bark or wood chips resulted in elevated total Cd, Zn or Mn concentrations in the compost. Cd concentrations in some composts even exceeded legal criteria. Cd and Zn were mainly bound in the reducible fraction extracted with 0.5 M NH₂OH?HCl. A higher acid-extractable fraction for Mn than for Cd and Zn was found. Higher Cd concentrations in the compost due to the use of bark or wood chips did not result in higher risk of Cd leaching. The results of the pH-stat experiment with gradual acidification of composts illustrated that only a strong pH decline in the compost results in higher availability of Cd, Zn and Mn.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥技术与市场的协同发展

本文对城市生活垃圾堆肥技术推广运用涉及的技术、市场、规模、产品、经营、环境保护和政策等问题进行了讨论。     

Modification of Aliphatic Polyesters and Their Reactive Blends with Starch

Modified polycaprolactone was synthesized by melt reaction of PCL and reactive monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and maleic anhydride (MAH) in the presence of benzoyl peroxide in Brabender mixer. MAH showed a different grafting phenomenon compared to GMA. The reaction mechanism was discussed with different reactive monomers. Reactive blends of the PCL-g-GMA and the gelatinized starch with glycerin were prepared and their mechanical properties and biodegradabilities were investigated. Reactive blends of PCL-g-GMA and starch showed well-dispersed starch domain in the matrix and better mechanical strength than the unmodified PCL/starch blend. However, the reaction between PCL-g-GMA and starch induced a crosslinking during the reactive blending and this crosslinking in the blend lowered the biodegradation of the blend during the composting test. The biodegradability was investigated by the weight loss and surface morphology change of the blend in the composting medium.     

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

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中国厨余垃圾处理技术及资源化方案选择

介绍了中国厨余垃圾的产量及特征,分析了厨余垃圾粉碎直排、填埋、焚烧、饲料、昆虫养殖、堆肥、转换能源和高值化利用处理技术的现状及优缺点,表明厨余垃圾资源化处理是未来的发展趋势,其中饲料化应是未来值得提倡的资源化技术之一.此外,对比了厌氧消化和好氧堆肥两大主流资源化模式的特点,厌氧消化和好氧堆肥分别适用于集中大规模处理和分...