“New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning”. Frei.Räume no. 10, edited by the German FOPA (feminist organisation of (female) planners and architects) in 1998

This Translations contribution presents the 10th issue of the series Frei.Räume (in English: Free spaces), edited by the German Feminist Organisation of (female) Planners and Architects (FOPA) in 1998. The issue was titled “New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning” and reflected the contemporary discussions on the state of the art of feminism, gender and planning. While progress was recognized, many authors felt uncomfortable with the ways that feminist concerns had been implemented into planning, and they were looking for ways forward. Among the authors were the most important protagonists of the debates at the time. Looking at the issue today, it becomes clear that many concerns are as up to date as they were in the late 1990s, although circumstances have changed. The paper argues that it is worthwhile to pay attention to these feminist debates in order to develop future strategies for feminism in planning.     

Management of sustainability transitions through planning in shrinking resource city contexts: an evaluation of Yubari City,Japan

This paper evaluates the planning competences required to enact a managed transition to sustainability at the municipal level for cities facing population, economic and employment decline. Drawing on the ‘shrinking cities’ literature, we argue consolidation of the built environment can become a focal point for sustaining citizen welfare when transitioning cities that are facing decline, especially those previously reliant on resource industries. We evaluate the former coal mining city of Yubari, Japan, which is developing a consolidated urban form with the aim of creating a ‘sustainable’ future city. Findings from interviews and content analysis of Yubari’s planning policy indicate, however, that to translate ‘shrinking’ a city into a managed transition, spatial planning must be accompanied by a wider range of social policy measures and strong cross-sectoral engagement. We also caution that the unique geographical and political context of Yubari mean its model may not be directly replicable in other contexts.     

A responsibility–accountability framework for private sector use of a World Heritage Area

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a natural asset of global significance, spanning 2600?km’s along the Australian coastline. On the southern tip of the GBR is the Gladstone region, where high levels of industrial activity have been juxtaposed with the natural wonder, and World Heritage Listed, GBR. Given these competing local priorities, this research explores local perceptions of the GBR and its management. Exploratory analysis of 38 interviews with residents and stakeholders from Gladstone revealed a potential incongruence between environmental concern and support for more stringent management of the tourism and resources sectors on the GBR. A responsibility–accountability framework (RAF) for managing the use and protection of the GBR is developed by drawing on current theoretical frameworks and the results of the interviews. Importantly the framework highlights the importance of business responsibility combined with monitoring and control mechanisms to ensure accountability and to deliver transparency, education and partnership. Future research should apply the RAF for testing and application in other marine World Heritage Area contexts.     

Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning

While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase the knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how ES have been integrated into comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956–2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time toward a more holistic view of ES and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ES concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ES approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.     

包头市水环境综合整治对策研究

为从根本上改善包头市水环境质量,按照国家环境保护模范城市的标准,全面开展包头市水环境综合整治工作,推进水环境污染防治工作.在对包头市水环境现状进行全面分析的基础上,提出以保护水源地为重点,针对工业源、城镇生活源、农业面源等方面提出整治对策建议,通过重点工程的实施,削减污染物排放总量,使包头市各水体水质达到功能区要求.     

梁子湖沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征及其污染评价

采集梁子湖柱状沉积物,分析其硝氮、亚硝氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布特征,并评价其污染程度.结果表明:梁子湖表层沉积物(0~5 cm)总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮的含量范围依次为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)、323~804 mg·kg~(-1)、60.7~142 mg·kg~(-1)、4.16~31.6 mg·kg~(-1)和0.001~2.29 mg·kg~(-1).湖心区营养盐含量较低,湖区西部营养盐含量高于湖区东南部.人类活动和污染物输入强度对梁子湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征有较大影响.沉积物硝氮、亚硝氮含量从深层到浅层递增,在2~3 cm处达到峰值,这表明梁子湖流域在该沉积时期的营养物污染较为严重.沉积物5~10 cm深度的氨氮含量为各深度中的最高值,但因水生生物对氨氮的优先吸收作用,其含量均在150 mg·kg~(-1)以下.同一区域的沉积物总氮、总磷含量的垂向变化特征相似,来自地壳释放的磷使得总磷含量的垂向波动幅度远大于总氮,这揭示了梁子湖沉积物中氮、磷的富集很可能来自同源污染物.该流域发达的水产养殖业是导致沉积物中氮、磷富集的原因之一.表层沉积物总氮和总磷的标准指数变化范围分别为1.09~2.49和0.54~1.34,梁子湖环境质量受到氮素的影响更为严重.湖区表层沉积物总氮、总磷的含量范围分别为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)和323~804 mg·kg~(-1),均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物阈值参考范围,对湖泊生态系统构成了一定的威胁,需要格外关注.     

不同判别方法下四川霾日的气候变化特征

根据近34年(1981—2014年)156个四川地面站的地面观测资料,对比分析了在3种霾日判别方法下霾日的空间分布、季节变化、年代际变化特征以及气候趋势系数的分布特征.利用Morlet小波分析法比较了霾日的周期变化特点.结果表明:1原始观测霾日集中于四川盆地的北部;方法一霾日集中于盆地中南部和东部;方法二霾日集中于盆地地区,无代表高值区;方法三分布类似于方法一.2在季节变化上:不同判别方法下霾日的季节变化类似,秋冬霾日多于春夏.3霾日年代际变化明显.原始观测霾日2013年始出现突增;方法二霾日从2001年始有明显增长;方法一与方法三的年代际变化特征相似.4气候趋势系数上:原始观测变化特征不明显;方法一的系数呈现出南北反向变化;方法二与方法一的分布相似;方法三中系数的正负值区较为集中.5小波变化上:原始观测中霾日无明显周期变化,判别方法一、二、三均有各自的周期变化特点.     

Planning for compact urban forms: local growth-management approaches and their evolution over time

Urban growth is a key issue for spatial planning as it influences urban patterns and disrupts open landscapes. To effectively steer urban growth towards compact urban forms, many growth-management policies have been developed over recent decades. However, few studies have assessed how municipal policy mixes have evolved over time. In our representative Swiss-wide survey, we evaluated the prevalence and the time of introduction of 18 policies. Our results indicate that large municipalities use a broad range of reinforcing policies over decades. In contrast, small municipalities mostly rely on conventional land-use regulations. The lack of innovative, incentive-based policies casts doubt on small municipalities' ability to effectively manage urban growth. However, our analyses reveal recent efforts by small municipalities to diversify approaches to growth management and adopt innovative policies. These efforts should be supported by guiding small municipalities in their policy choices, and providing support to those lacking planning capacity.     

滇池流域入湖河流丰水期大型底栖动物群落特征及其与水环境因子的关系

研究了滇池流域入湖河流丰水期大型底栖动物群落特征及其与水环境因子的关系.在滇池流域29条入湖河流2009年7～8月进行大型底栖动物群落调查,并在2008年9月～2009年8月进行逐月17项水环境指标监测,目的是阐明滇池流域入湖河流丰水期大型底栖动物群落特征,识别影响大型底栖动物群落特征的主要水环境因子,比较大型底栖动物群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数与水环境质量评价空间分布格局的特点.滇池流域入湖河流丰水期共检出大型底栖动物3门7科8属(其中环节动物门4科5属,软体动物门2科2属,节肢动物门1科1属),群落结构以环节动物门的水丝蚓属(耐污生物)为优势属;TN、 NH⁺₄-N、 TP和DO是影响大型底栖动物群落特征的主要水环境因子,分别为2.03～32.00、 0.34～26.66、 0.09～3.20、 0.10～6.80 mg/L;大型底栖动物群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数与水环境质量评价的空间分布格局一致,均为流域北部入湖河流(王家堆渠、新运粮河、老运粮河、乌龙河、大观河、西坝河、船房河、采莲河、金家河、盘龙江、大青河、海河、六甲宝象河、小清河、五甲宝象河、虾坝河、老宝象河、新宝象河和马料河)污染状况严重程度>流域南部入湖河流(淤泥河、老柴河、白鱼河、茨巷河、东大河、中河和古城河)>流域东部入湖河流(洛龙河、捞鱼河和南冲河).