有机物生物降解极限浓度的探讨

讨论了有关有机物生物降解极限浓度（Smin)的定义，介绍了热力学测定方法、动力学测定方法和扩散测定方法等3种测定极限浓度的方法。正确测定有机物生物降解极限浓度对开发微量有机物生物高度净化新技术，寻求提高现有生物处理技术净化效果的途径，污染环境的修复等都具有极其重要的意义。     

长江中游致洪暴雨天气气候特征

本文从建国以来长江中游地区发生的所有暴雨事件中选出四个典型年，并从这些典型年的暴雨个例中得出暴雨和大暴雨和大暴雨的分布范围和暴雨特征，由此而造成的特大洪水情况，以及洪涝灾害对国民经济的影响。最后应用天气归纳方法分析了暴雨的大尺度环流背景。     

洪涝灾害灾情时间变化特性分析：以中国1736—1911年主要大江大？…

利用已经建立的全国１７３６￣１９１１年洪涝灾害时间序列,拟合各个区域的洪涝灾害长期变化趋势,并通过功率谱分析了时间序列的波动规律;同时,分析了气温、降水等自然因素的变化和人口总量变化、人口空间迁移以及土地利用变化等人文因素变化与灾害增减之间的关系。结果表明,洪涝灾害的波动主要由气候变化等自然因素的波动所引起,而人类活动增强并不断向高风险区扩展是洪涝灾害持续增长的主要原因,最终使洪涝灾害表现为波动中     

利用多源数据融合研究长白山天池火山的喷发期次及空间分布

利用ERS－2 SAR,Landsat TM和全色航空照片等图像,结合测年、野外地质考察等资料,在GIS平台上利用多源数据融合、小波变换、神经元网络分类等手段,研究了长白山天池火山的喷发期次及分布,为火山灾害制图及危险性评价提供了重要依据。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器在低温低浓度下的动力学研究

在考虑膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器的反应动力学、水力动力学和热动力学特点的基础上,建立了EGSB反应器在低浓度下的基质降解动力学模型,求出EGSB反应器在进水COD450m g/L、35,15℃(与35℃同样的液体上升流速)和15℃(提高液体上升流速至最佳)3种运行条件时的速率常数分别为3.91×102,1.07×102,2.54×102d-1。用A rrhenius方程分析了温度对速率常数的影响,计算出EGSB反应器在提高液体上升流速前后的活化能分别为4.897×104J/m o l和1.197×104J/m o。l低温使速率常数明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高却能显著提高速率常数,降低活化能。     

悬浮结晶法冷冻处理喹乙醇生产废液

采用悬浮结晶法处理喹乙醇生产废液,考察了成冰率(冰晶融化后的体积占原水总体积的百分比)对废液COD、氨氮、TN和电导率去除效果的影响。在一级冷冻成冰率45%的条件下,经过三级冷冻处理后,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为99.4%、98.7%、98.5%和98.2%,一级浓缩液的COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为1.6、1.5和1.5;在一级冷冻成冰率80%的条件下,每一级出水的各项指标的去除率均有所下降,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为98.6%、98.3%、97.1%和95.9%,但一级浓缩液的浓缩比明显提高,COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为2.7、2.2和2.4。成冰率为80%时一级浓缩液的热值为7 449 J/g,在焚烧过程中可以依靠自身热量维持燃烧,不需要添加辅助燃料,减少焚烧处理的成本。     

Mechanisms of copper tolerance by Armeria maritima in Dolfrwyong Bog,north Wales--initial studies

Preliminary field studies were carried out at Dolfrwynog Bog in July 2000. Replicate samples of water, Armeria maritima plants and the soils adhering to its roots were collected and analysed for copper. Concentrations of up to 6486 mg kg^–1 of copper in the soils were recorded. Accumulation of copper by the plant as expressed by concentration factors (CF) show that it is acting mainly as a copper excluder. Of the copper that is taken up, most of it is retained within the roots with very little being transported to the shoots of the plant. Moreover, a further possible mechanism of tolerance is exhibited by the excretion of copper through its decaying leaves. Towards the use of in vitro cultures to study the copper tolerance mechanisms in A. maritima a micropropagation protocol has been developed. The ex vitro plants have been rooted and established in compost.     

Steady Shallow-Water Current and Solute Transport around a Semi-Conical Headland

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of a sloping wall headland on the flow characteristics and the associated concentration distributions from a point source around the headland. A semi-conical headland with a slope of 1:2 was set up in a flow basin, 4.8 m long and 3.8 m wide. In this paper, the experimental results of a steady shallow-water current are reported. Three dimensional flow velocities in the basin were measured using Sontek-ADV instrument. The dye concentration levels in the basin were measured by two fluorometers. The experimental results showed a large-scale re-circulation region behind the semi-conical headland. The peak turbulence energy, at about 53% of the local kinetic flow energy, coincides with the region of high velocity gradient. Significant vertical flows were observed around the area near the downhill slope of the headland, with a maximum ratio of vertical to horizontal velocities being about 22%. Such relatively significant vertical scouring velocities, coupled with strong turbulence energy and high horizontal velocity gradients in the same region, could cause severe bed erosion. The experimental results have also been compared with the predicted results of a depth-averaged numerical model. The predicted eddy structure and the concentration distribution in the re-circulation area were found to compare favourably with the experimental results. However, the discrepancies in the flow velocities and the concentration levels near the headland were apparent. It was observed that the dye concentration continued to spread in the cross-stream direction after passing the headland, whereas only a limited extent of the lateral spreading was predicted by the numerical model further downstream of the headland.     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用中国唯一的稻麦轮作臭氧FACE（free-air O3 concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高）试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田不同生育时期植株氮吸收量、土壤氮含量与脲酶活性、土壤氨氧化细菌与反硝化细菌数量以及成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果发现,臭氧浓度升高条件下,单株水稻（Oryza sativaL.）的氮吸收量趋于升高,土壤全氮含量趋于下降、脲酶活性趋于增强,在成熟期土壤全氮与对照相比平均下降9%,土壤脲酶活性与对照相比平均升高13%。在水稻整个生长季节,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均呈现出先增多后减少的趋势,且均在开花期达到峰值,但臭氧熏蒸土壤与对照相比趋于升高;在水稻成熟期,土壤中单个氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的活性均趋于下降,土壤硝化强度和反硝化强度与对照相比也平均下降17%和24%。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度升高条件下,稻田土壤氮素转化因为水稻氮素吸收增强而加快,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均趋于增多,但它们的生理代谢活性均趋于下降。     

山西省近50年无霜期变化特征研究

根据山西省108个地面站近50 a（1959—2008年）的初霜日、终霜日和无霜期系列数据,采用非参数Mann-Kendall检验法,对山西省近50 a无霜期的变化特点进行了研究。计算结果表明,全省108个地面站的平均无霜期在124.6~232.9 d之间。Mann-Kendall检验结果显示,在所有地面站中,77个站初霜日推后,78个站终霜日提前,87个站无霜期延长,其中35个站显著延长。全省初霜日显著推后（＋1.41 d/10 a）,终霜日显著提前（-2.57 d/10 a）,无霜期显著延长（＋3.72 d/10 a）。初霜日推后和终霜日提前对无霜期延长的贡献约分别为1/3和2/3。Pearson相关分析证明,在全省范围内,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期与年平均气温、纬度和海拔具有密切关系。直线回归分析显示,气温每升高1℃,初霜日迟4.7 d,终霜日早4.1 d,无霜期延长8.8 d。纬度每北移1o,初霜日早6.1 d;终霜日迟4.5 d;无霜期短10.6 d。海拔每升高100 m,初霜日早3.4 d;终霜日迟2.8 d;无霜期短6.2 d。对初霜日、终霜日和无霜期这些特点的认识,对本区自然和人工生态系统管理、生态恢复和生态工程实施等具有重要意义。