国外巨额污染损害赔偿对我国环境法制的启示

近来国内外连续发生重大污染事件,尤其国外发生的重大环境污染事故法律处理结果引人关注。案例对比分析表明,在对环境污染的执法处罚方面,我国与国外存在明显差距,包括:国内处罚标准偏低,国外重罚趋势形成;国内污染损失难定,国外评估制度完善;国内企业违法成本偏低,国外政府出面进行索赔。因此,我国应当通过对污染企业实施司法赔偿来强化环境法制权威:一是靠赔偿提高违法成本;二是靠诉讼树立法制权威;三是靠政府索赔生态环境损害。     

Effect of solid contents on the controlled shear stress rheological properties of different types of sludge

Controlled shear stress (CSS) test was used to study the effect of solid contents on the corresponding rheological parameters for sludge. Three types of sludge with or without conditioning, including activated sludge (AS), anaerobic digested sludge (ADS), and water treatment residuals (WTRs), were collected for the CSS test. Results showed that the yield stress and the cohesion energy of the sludge networks were improved with increased total suspending solid (TSS) contents in most cases. For the conditioned AS/ADS and the raw WTRs, exponential law was observed in the relationships between cohesion energy of material networks or yield stress and the TSS contents, whereas for the conditioned WTRs, only exponential law dependence was found between the parameters of shear modulus or critical strain and the TSS contents.     

关于建立我国光污染防治体系的思考与建议

本文对建立符合国情的光污染防治体系提出相关建议。首先阐述了光污染的概况;然后对国内外光污染防治的立法现状进行研究和探讨;最后提出具体的立法构想。与欧美和日本等发达国家相比,我国的光污染防治工作才刚起步,关于光污染防治的环境立法还是空白,对光污染防治的系统性研究处于初始阶段。以经济、生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采用符合国情的立法模式,修订《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,制定光污染防治单行法《光污染防治法》,制定光环境质量标准和排放标准,建立光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染。     

环境执法中存在的问题和对策浅析

通过对睢宁县环境执法现状进行调研、分析,找出当前环境执法过程中存在的问题,针对性地提出强化环境执法的对策。     

论环境法目的的实现路径——法律工程研究的进路

环境法学研究过程中的"泛道德化"现象十分普遍,这种现象的存在一方面与环境法实践相脱节,另一方面,环境法理论建构中所依托的各种道德理论本身也难以保证长久的科学性,故以道德分析为环境法逻辑起点产生的"创新性"理论在诞生之时就可能"先天不足"。因而有必要从法律实证主义的角度进行研究,避免以道德诉求作为分析起点,在明确环境法价值、理想目标的基础上,坚持法律工程研究的进路,从"环境损害"这一环境法学的逻辑起点入手,运用法律规划理论,对预期社会效用的实现进行理论体系建构,进而为环境法目的的实现路径作出可操作性论证。     

负载有度:论环境法的生态承载力控制原则

可持续发展要求社会经济适度发展的同时,环境质量不退化.为达到这一目标,在环境管理中就必须以生态承载力为标准判断经济发展的规模和速度是否具有正当性和合理性,这是化解经济发展与环境保护矛盾的关键所在.环境法应当把生态承载力控制作为一项基本原则,要求人们对环境问题的预防应当以生态承载力为依据,确保向环境排放污染物的总量不得超过环境容量,并保证开发、利用自然资源不能超过生态环境在一定时期内的供给能力.这是对执法者在处理经济发展与环境保护的矛盾中所享有的过大的自由裁量权的必要制约.然而,生态承载力控制原则的实施难度较大,除了需要立法的明文规定外,还应当注重研究、建立生态承载力的核算方法体系;此外,还应当对现行环境执法体制进行改革,促使地方环保部门在环境执法中摆脱地方保护主义的不当干涉,并积极加强公众参与,通过公众监督杜绝突破生态承载力的决策的制定和实施.     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

Abstract

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modern society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

富水红砂岩地层隧道联络通道冻结温度场分布规律及其敏感性分析*

为了明确富水红砂岩地层中冻结温度场的影响因素,研究温度场的发展和分布规律,以兰州地铁2号线定西路站到五里铺站之间的隧道联络通道为研究背景,建立三维瞬态温度场有限元模型对冻结加固过程进行模拟,通过数值模拟和实测数据对比验证模型的准确性进而分析土体密度、导热系数、比热容的变化对温度场发展的影响。通过灰色关联分析法,得到各土体参数对温度场发展的影响程度。研究结果表明:冻结孔越密集,形成的冻结帷幕越厚,冻结壁温度越低;随着导热系数增大,形成的冻结壁温度降低,随着土体密度和比热容增大,形成的冻结壁温度升高;影响温度场温度的各参数灰色关联度排序为:比热容>密度>导热系数;当各参数分别增大30%时,温度场温度变化程度排序为:密度>导热系数>比热容。研究结果可为类似地质冻结工程的设计施工及土体改良提供参考依据。     

我国生态环境保护综合行政执法问题研究?——基于法律文本的量化分析

生态环境执法是生态环境治理的核心内容,随着我国综合行政执法的推进,环境领域也步入综合执法改革阶段。生态环境综合执法改革仍处于改革的初期,需要逐步调整和完善。本文以《生态环境保护综合行政执法事项指导目录（2020年版）》列出的相关法律文本为研究对象,构建基于生态环境执法内容、执法阶段和执法方式的分析框架。通过对生态环境综合执法法律文本的编码和量化分析,发现生态环境综合执法涉及的内容较为全面,执法方式涵盖面广,但是存在法律法规不健全、生态保护执法不足、全过程执法欠缺、执法方式较为单调等问题。后续需要完善相关法律条目,增加生态保护领域的执法,加强全过程管控阶段的执法,丰富除罚款外的执法方式。     

Les Reciproqueteurs: post-regulatory corporatism

ABSTRACT

Reflexive governance can be understood as an emergent encapsulated trust-building corporatism where network participants are neither state functionaries nor market entrepreneurs but network reciproqueteurs. This paper argues that such reflexive network governance results in a post-regulatory corporatism (PRC)—a more adaptable, less formalized, and flexible mode of interest intermediation, policy-making, and policy-implementation than previous modes of corporatist intermediation. Functional differentiation processes engender ‘negotiated connected contracts' in rescaled space in between inter-regional assemblages, a mode of structurally coupling new social partners in the emergent transnational knowledge-based economy. This involves the building of new social capital of network trust-building manifested in the norms of reciprocity and reflexive law constituted as a new mode of protocolism: one associated with the social learning and policy designing necessary for ecological systems' autopoeisis, resilience, and sustainability. This paper conceptualizes reflexive network governance as protocolism in constellations of PRC and discusses examples from the area of environmental policy-making. PRC is understood as a new mode of negotiated rule-making: as a recursive protocolism of multi-stakeholder social pacts constituted by frame agreements and negotiated connected network contracts.