湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异及其分异规律

传统村落在历史、文化、经济、旅游和科学等多个方面价值颇高,保护传统村落的空间格局和文化内涵极为重要。以中国湘江流域上中下游六个典型传统村落为例,以景观基因理论为基础,运用景观基因分析法识别了湘江流域传统村落景观基因,分析了上中下游传统村落显性物质景观基因与隐性非物质文化基因的变异特征,总结了湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异特征及分异规律,研究结果显示：（1）湘江流域上游传统村落平面基因变异相悖于本土的情况侧重发生在平面结构变异上;立面基因的变异相悖于本土、突变后直接消亡的情况较多;文化基因上受外来冲击的不适感较强,有加剧景观基因变异的风险和趋势。（2）湘江流域中游传统村落对立面基因的改动需求较大,且改动时间较早,造成立面基因变异以及平面基因中街巷格局、平面布局变异较大,变异后相悖于本土的特征显著;而在文化基因中,对文化的变异融合接受能力强,变异相融于本土的情况显著。（3）湘江流域下游传统村落在形态、布局特征明显的平面基因中产生的变异不大显著;在立面基因中遭遇突变后直接消亡的特征明显;在文化基因中,对家风信仰的基因变异以相融于本土为主,习俗礼仪的基因变异呈现分化趋势,单民族聚居式的家族以相悖于本土的特征为主,多民族聚居式的家族以相融于本土的特征为主。     

塑料供水管向自来水中释放邻苯二甲酸酯的规律及影响因素研究

添加邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）增塑剂的塑料管道被广泛用于自来水管道系统,存在健康风险.然而,塑料管道是否是自来水中PAEs的污染来源仍了解不足.因此,本文探究了两种常用管材—硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）、聚丙烯（PPR）的新管道和人为磨损管道,在不同水力停留时间和余氯浓度下向水样中释放PAEs的规律.结果表明,人为磨损会使管道中PAEs向自来水中的总释放量增多,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）最为明显,且人为磨损管道释放PAEs的速率大于新管道.对于不同管材的管道,PPR管道PAEs的释放量小于UPVC管道,因而针对PAEs污染,PPR管道可能比UPVC管道更安全.在所有实验中,添加余氯可使水中PAEs浓度整体更低,且余氯浓度越高,平衡时的PAEs浓度越低,因而 推测PAEs可能会与余氯发生化学反应.本研究揭示了塑料管道作为自来水中PAEs的来源之一,向水体中释放PAEs的规律及影响因素,从而为自来水水质安全的控制提供了新的关注点.     

《反食品浪费法》实施的若干关键问题

《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》（以下简称《反食品浪费法》）的颁布实施,使长期以来中国反对食物浪费实现了由道德约束到法制治理的历史性转变。该法律是在当今世界食物浪费现象普遍、威胁全球粮食安全和中国政府高度重视食物浪费问题的背景下颁布的,意义重大。这部法律为中国反食物浪费社会实践提供了法律保证,也为全球反食物浪费事业提出了中国答案。《反食品浪费法》具有注重顶层设计、立法过程快捷简明,立法目的鲜明、节约资源融贯始终,法律措施全面、规制责任主体广泛,社会多元共治、凸显节粮治理效能,依法施策、致力于服务粮食安全战略,坚持德法并举、推动节粮意识转为法律约束等显著特点。从一年来的实践看,《反食品浪费法》在实施中,目前仍需解决进一步厘清权责、细化标准体系和加强基础支撑等关键问题,有关部门应着重通过采取建立长效监测评估机制、构建科学有效的监测评估方法体系和加强相关部门协同联动等措施,规范和指导《反食品浪费法》落地实施,充分发挥其规制和规范全社会各种各样食物浪费行为的作用,有效减少食物浪费,保障国家粮食安全,助推生态文明和社会文明建设。     

飞机流宏观与微观同高度纵向间隔研究

航空安全一直以来备受社会各界关注,其中安全间隔对于航路运行有非常重要的意义。为了合理分配航路间隔,减少航路拥堵,基于实际运行情况,将连续的飞机流作为研究目标,从宏观和微观角度建立了纵向间隔的计算模型,根据飞机流的跟驰效应,得出航路运行间隔的动态变化范围。在此基础上,提出了快速地对航空器进行间隔调整的方案。最后,以西安管制区的运行数据为例进行仿真,验证了模型的合理性,并分析了各因素对飞行流间隔的影响,调整方案可以较快地完成航路间隔的重新分配,为运行提供更准确的引导。     

融冰过程中铁离子和锰离子的迁移规律

为探究融冰过程中重金属离子的迁移规律,选择铁离子和锰离子为研究对象,开展了室内模拟融冰实验,探讨其在融冰过程中的迁移规律,并分析初始浓度和冷冻温度对其迁移过程的影响.结果表明：在不同的初始浓度和冷冻温度条件下,铁离子和锰离子在冰中各层的浓度分布关系皆为：中层 < 上层 < 下层;融冰过程中,51.17%~71.67%的铁离子和锰离子均在冰体融化前期（0~25%）集中释放,中后期相对平稳均匀释放,此外初始浓度对冰融化时铁离子和锰离子的迁移规律影响不大,而冷冻温度较低时,融1中铁离子和锰离子的浓度基本在增加;融冰过程中,随着累积融水体积的增加,融水中铁离子和锰离子的浓度与冰体初始浓度之比逐渐降低,它们之间呈指数函数衰减模式.     

Destruction of 4-phenolsulfonic acid in water by anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis

Destruction of 4-phenolsulfonic acid (4-PSA) in water was carried out using anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis. Accompanying the decay of 4-PSA, the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) in water correspondingly decreased, while the sulfonate group of 4- PSA was released as sulfate ion. Oxalate and formate were obtained as minor by-products. Additionally, phenol, 1,4-hydroquinone, hydroxyquinol and 1,4-benzoquinone were detected as primary intermediates in the initial stages of decomposition of 4-PSA. A reaction pathway involving successive attacks of hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals was assumed on the basis of the observed products and kinetics. It was revealed that the decay of both 4-PSA and TOC obeyed a first-order rate law. The effects of different Fe ions and initial concentrations of 4-PSA on the degradation rate were investigated. It was found that the presence of Fe ions could increase the degradation rate of 4-PSA, while initial concentrations lower than 80 mmol/L had no significant effect on kinetic behaviour. The disappearance rate of 4-PSA was significantly affected by pH.     

Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas1

Mittelstet, Aaron R., Michael D. Smolen, Garey A. Fox, and Damian C. Adams, 2011. Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00524.x Abstract: We compared two approaches to administration of groundwater law on a hydrologic model of the North Canadian River, an alluvial aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma limits pumping rates to retain 50% aquifer saturated thickness after 20 years of groundwater use. The Texas Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District’s (GCD) rules limit pumping to a rate that consumes no more than 50% of saturated thickness in 50 years, with reevaluation and readjustment of permits every 5 years. Using a hydrologic model (MODFLOW), we simulated river‐groundwater interaction and aquifer dynamics under increasing levels of “development” (i.e., increasing groundwater withdrawals). Oklahoma’s approach initially would limit groundwater extraction more than the GCD approach, but the GCD approach would be more protective in the long run. Under Oklahoma rules more than half of aquifer storage would be depleted when development reaches 65%. Reevaluation of permits under the Texas Panhandle GCD approach would severely limit pumping as the 50% level is approached. Both Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle GCD approaches would deplete alluvial base flow at approximately 10% development. Results suggest periodic review of permits could protect aquifer storage and river base flow. Modeling total aquifer storage is more sensitive to recharge rate and aquifer hydraulic conductivity than to specific yield, while river leakage is most sensitive to aquifer hydraulic conductivity followed by specific yield.     

Can fear of going to jail reduce the number of road fatalities? The Spanish experience

The goal of this article is to evaluate the impact of the drastic Spanish Penal Code reform on the number of road deaths in Spain and the time that the effects might last. This is achieved by means of multivariate unobserved component models set up in a state space framework estimated using maximum likelihood. In short, with this reform Spain might be considered to be closing the final gap that kept it apart from other developed countries as far as the road accident rate is concerned. We have found two different types of effects on Spanish road traffic fatalities. Initially, a month before the reform was passed there was a 24.7 percent fall in Spanish road deaths. After the Bill had been passed and for the following thirteen months, the reduction stayed at a constant sixteen percent. This reform has reduced Spanish road fatalities by 534 in all between November 2007 and December 2008 and the effects will foreseeably continue during 2009.     

新疆叶尔羌河突发洪水规律研究

叶尔羌河灾害性突发洪水系由冰川阻塞湖泄洪所致。通过三年野外考察(1985～1987年)和详尽分析洪水的特点、分布及成因,归结叶尔羌河灾害性洪水发生规律如下:①大部分是由叶尔羌河上源的克亚吉尔特索湖迅速排水所致。②洪水多出现在8月底至9月中旬,迟於年内最高气温出现日期;洪水多出现在≥5℃积温的峰值年份,和夏季(6～8月)600hPa高空气温的峰值时期。③实测克亚吉尔特索湖岸边有134条湖水侵蚀-堆积线,它们深刻地反映了该冰川湖的演变过程。冰川湖突发洪水则随着冰川退缩、冰湖缩小而减弱。     

我国环境立法的误区及对策研究

我国目前的环境立法存在一些不足,有些具有“部门立法”、“主体立法”的特征,对行政管理相对人而言又多表现为“义务本位”立法;某些法律与另一些法律之间存在着矛盾,一些法律制度和措施还不够完善。要改变这种状况,环境立法工作应当实现以下几点转变:一是政府部门应由“权力主体”向“义务主体”转变,二是由“主体立法” 向“行为立法”转变,三是行政管理相对人由“义务本位”向“权利义务一致”转变,四是环境法律制度应由行政性制度向经济性制度转变,五是在立法技术上由强调速度和数量向强调质量转变。