Transforming environmental psychology

Although it is recognised that the individual and the external world are linked in complex and mutual ways and can only be treated together as one phenomenon there is little evidence that transactionalist approaches, despite potentially providing a truly distinctive approach for environmental psychology, have been fully understood or operationalised. We take as our starting point the theoretical proposition that individuals are the sum of their social relations, i.e., they are the cause and consequence of their relations to others and the environment. Therefore environmental psychology should give priority to examining the reciprocity between people and environment and the ways in which they mutually reproduce the material conditions for their existence. Drawing on the example of sustainable development, we argue that any attempt to develop a sustainable society has to understand how the relationships between individuals and their social contexts can be changed. Thus the emphasis in a transformative environmental psychology should shift to the relations of production and consumption and the social and political relations within which values, attitudes and behaviours are formed, and unsustainable ways of living and working as well as the environment are produced and reproduced.     

测定水样中化学需氧量的不确定度

对化学需氧量测定的不确定度进行合理评定,应充分考虑测定过程中的不确定度来源。建立了重铬酸钾法测定水样中化学需氧量不确定度的数学模型,对组成化学需氧量的各个因子的不确定度分量进行了详尽的分析和计算,得出了本次样品CODCr的测定结果为72.2mg/L,扩展不确定度为3.8mg/L。     

工业能源消费对环境质量影响的灰色关联分析——以湘潭市为例

能源消费引起了严重的环境污染,降低了环境质量,影响了经济发展.将灰色关联分析引入到湘潭市的能源消费和环境质量关系研究中,利用统计数据进行定量分析,探索现有能源消费结构和其环境影响的内在灰色关联,确定各种能源消费对湘潭市环境质量的不同影响程度,为调整能源消费结构、最小化环境压力、改善环境质量提供科学依据.     

一种新型除尘电源及其节电机理分析

介绍一种新型除尘电源——F系列高频、高压静电除尘电源。通过实际工程应用并与工频电源的耗电进行了比较,得出F系列电源节电的结论,并对这一结论做了节电机理分析。     

Measuring environmental degradation by using principal component analysis

The objective of the paper is to measure environmental degradation on the basis of some selected indicators by the application of a simple multivariate technique known as Principal Component Analysis. For this purpose the study considered six variables, namely, GDP per capita, fuel consumption, total fertility rate, water supply, sanitation, and electricity. However, because of unavailability of data, the variables such as technology relating to environment, waste disposal, air pollution, women/gender issues relating to environment, corruption, democracy etc. could not be considered. The results show that principal components explain about 62% of the variations in the level of environmental degradation. The variables like GDP per capita, fuel consumption, water supply and electricity played a major role in classifying the countries in terms of environmental degradation compared to the variables, sanitation and total fertility rate. The findings show that countries which have high GDP per capita, low fuel consumption, higher percentage of people having access to water supply and sanitation as well as electricity ranked higher in terms of environmental quality despite high fertility rate as shown by the spectacular example of Saudi Arabia. By contrast, those countries which have low percentage of population having access to safe water and sanitation as well as electricity, high fuel consumption and high fertility were ranked lower in terms of environmental quality despite high per capita income, as shown by the example of Angola which is placed in lowest position among the 51 selected countries. The results also show that correlation between poverty and environmental degradation is particularly acute in African countries where high population growth is acting as an exacerbating factor. The study concluded that high fertility has much impact on environmental degradation in case of poorer countries than in case of rich countries.

我国能源消费需求的时变弹性分析

为了科学分析相关经济因素变化对我国能源需求的影响效应,本文在提取能源消费需求主要影响因素的基础上,建立了基于Bayesian理论的时变系数回归模型,利用MCMC方法获得了各时变回归系数的估计.同时,利用HP滤波方法,得到了能源消费需求相对于各相关因素弹性系数的趋势及波动情况,并就能源需求对各相关经济因素弹性系数的趋势变动原因进行了分析,结果表明:①在不同的时间段内,能源价格、产业结构、经济增长、全国总人口以及能源消耗结构对能源消费需求的影响强度具有时变效应;②电力价格变动对降低能源消费的作用最为显著,但边际效应在逐年下降;煤炭价格的提高对能源消费的增加具有很大推进作用,但"煤电联动"、能源价格市场化的建设可能进一步抑制能源需求;③城镇化建设进程可进一步优化人口结构、产业结构以及能源消费结构,这将在很大程度上限制能源需求的加速增长.     

能源消费与环境污染的边限协整分析

能源的使用是导致环境恶化的主要原因之一,所以研究能源消费与不同污染物之间的关系就很有必要。本文以1985-2007年的年度数据为样本,建立了自回归分布滞后—误差修正模型,并运用边限检验对我国的能源消费与环境污染之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:长期来看能源消费总量、煤炭占能源消费总量的比重和水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重对SO2的排放有重要影响,但是对工业烟尘排放量来说只有水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重的影响是显著的;短期来看煤炭占能源消费总量的比重对SO2排放的影响是显著的,能源消费总量和水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重对工业烟尘的排放有显著影响。由于能源消费总量和结构对不同污染物的长期和短期影响存在较大差异,所以在治理时应区别对待。     

基于供给约束与需求的土地开发适宜性空间分异研究——以江苏省为例

随着土地供需矛盾的加剧,如何通过土地资源的合理有序开发,实现社会、经济、生态之间以及区域之间的协调发展是一个迫切需要解决的问题。以江苏为研究区域,从供给约束及开发需求的角度,分别构建了土地供给约束及非农开发需求程度评价指标体系,其中：供给约束指标体系主要由水土资源约束和生态环境约束两个方面共9个具体因子组成;土地非农开发需求指标主要由人口、经济、投资水平及变化,以及经济要素产出率、基础设施完善程度、土地获取成本及产业基础等方面共19个具体因子组成。在此基础上采用多指标综合评价法研究了江苏各县（市）土地供给及非农开发需求程度。根据两者的组合特征,将全省分为四大适宜类型区,即高度适宜区、较高适宜区、中度适宜区和不适宜区,并提出了各类型区开发利用导向,对实现江苏省土地资源的合理有序开发、社会、经济、生态的统筹协调发展具有指导意义.     

No Meat,Less Meat,or Better Meat: Understanding NGO Messaging Choices Intended to Alter Meat Consumption in Light of Climate Change

This paper examines the factors shaping non-governmental organization (NGO) messaging decisions on how meat consumption should be altered in light of climate change. In particular, we sought to understand the relative absence of messages promoting meat-free diets and the decision of some NGOs to pair meat reduction messages with messages encouraging consumers to switch to meat from ruminant grass-fed animals. Interviews were conducted with 27 staff members from environmental, food-focused, and animal protection NGOs from the USA, Canada, and Sweden. While strategic considerations consistently led to the use of modest messages for meat reduction, NGO missions were also key to shaping the specifics of messaging goals. The relatively low personal comfort levels that some NGO staffers held toward meat-free diets also led to the use of more modest requests for meat reduction. Findings highlight the complex nature of the factors underlying the environmental communication messages of NGOs.     

城市居民生活能源消费研究进展综述

近十年来中国城市消费领域能耗年增长率已达到7.4%,超过中国总能耗量5.9%的年增长率。随着中国逐渐完成工业化进程,其工业用能将呈现增速放缓甚至总量减少的趋势,而居民生活及交通能源需求将随着人民生活水平提高而稳步增长,最终呈现总量与比重逐渐增加的态势。城市居民活动与其能源消费的定量化分析已成为当前多学科的研究热点。本文以家庭室内和室外直接能源消费作为研究对象,对城市居民生活能耗的影响因素、能源足迹核算方法、时间-室内能耗模拟,及空间-交通-能源耦合模拟等关键问题的研究进展进行综述。研究发现,第一,家庭能源消费属于派生性需求,不同的时间利用方式会产生能源消费水平和结构上的差异,但现有研究较少从时间及活动链分析角度展开。第二,由于家庭预算及时间约束的存在,室内外能源消费行为密切相关,但少有研究对上述两个城市生活部门的能源消费进行整体性分析核算。第三,基于活动的建模方法可以提供一种将居民室内外用能行为进行整合的分析框架。最后对今后该领域的研究开展进行了展望:第一,从活动分析和时间利用视角,建立自下而上的居民室内外用能活动仿真模型,在更小的时间和空间尺度模拟家庭能源需求,识别家庭能耗的主要来源、控制的重点人群、时段和区域,指导能源政策制定;第二,深入剖析能源回弹效应产生的决策机理,以及怎样的政策或政策组合可以有效减少回弹;第三,将社会网络分析引入居民生活能耗研究,更加全面理解影响家庭用能行为的机制,为家庭能源消费管理提供新思路。