OilTech121便携式测油仪在突发性水污染事件中的应用

应用OilTech121便携式测油仪对某突发性水污染事件的小溪沟、长江水样进行石油类浓度检测,分析其石油类浓度沿程变化情况以及对小溪沟、长江水质的影响。结果表明,受含油废水的影响,小溪沟明显受到污染,入溪口d2石油类浓度高达24.9 mg/L,围油栏和吸油毡组成的拦截带对石油类的吸附处置效果明显,4道拦截带的油污拦截效率分别达到41%、34%、28%和18%,此外,长江水质也受到一定程度的影响,但下游水厂取水口水质未受污染,无需中断水厂取水。鉴于该仪器具有携带方便、操作简单、检测速度快等优点,并为判断拦截带吸附处置效率、水厂取水是否安全等重要决策领域提供了大量及时的第一手数据,建议在突发性水污染事件石油类浓度检测及预警中推广使用。     

隔膜压滤机滤室最优空腔厚度

利用UG软件对隔膜压滤机滤室内流体进行三维建模,导入Gambit中进行网格划分及边界条件的设定,结合Fluent选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,采用多孔介质模型模拟隔膜压滤机滤室内固-液两相流分离,得到不同空腔厚度下滤室内流体的体积分数轮廓图、压强云图,得出滤饼含水率与空腔厚度大小的关系。实验结果表明,模拟和实验结果具有较好的一致性。在压滤机滤室空腔厚度为12 mm时,滤饼含水率为48%,每天污泥处理量为102 t,隔膜压滤机工作效率最高。     

Sorption of the natural endocrine disruptors,oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol in the aquatic environment

Adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants at the particle/water interface is one of the key processes controlling their fate in the aquatic environment. The sorption of the natural female hormones oestrone and 17content/n014l154g23354x2/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oestradiol has been studied under simulated riverine conditions. Both the kinetics and the effects of varying fundamental environmental parameters (e.g. sediment properties) on the thermodynamic equilibrium partition coefficient (K _p) have been studied in continuous and batch sorption experiments, respectively. Results showed that the sorption of oestrone and 17content/n014l154g23354x2/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oestradiol by sediment was relatively slow, reaching equilibrium in 50 days. In addition, relatively small adsorption of both oestrone and 17content/n014l154g23354x2/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oestradiol onto the sediment was observed, with K _p values between 200 and 250 mL g^–1. The comparable K _p values of the two compounds reflect their structural similarity. It can be concluded that the two endocrine disruptors, oestrone and 17content/n014l154g23354x2/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oestradiol remain primarily in association with the aqueous phase.     

含油污泥的处理与利用

石油开采和加工过程中产生的含油污泥，带有有害物质和较高的热值，既需处理又可综合利用，这是一个复杂而又重要的课题。当前，我国含油污泥处理与利用和国外先进水平有较大差距，处理装置技术落后，不配套，多数污泥未进行无害化处理，造成了环境污染和能源资源的浪费。在收集了大量资料的基础上，列举了含油污泥的性质及危害。“九五”期间应积极开展先进工艺设备的引进推广工作，特别在含油污泥的脱水干燥、污油回收和绿化利用上，可推广江汉、中原油田的先进工艺设备，使含油污泥达到无害化乃至变废为宝。     

雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究

雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究罗凯（广东省徐闻县农村工作委员会，徐闻５２４１００）ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＬａｔｏｓｏｌｓｉｎＬｅｉｚｈｏｕＰｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａａｎｄＨａｉｎａｎＩｓｌａｎｄ￥ＬｕｏＫａｉ（Ｒｕｒ...     

A pilot-scale study of cryolite precipitation from high fluoride-containing wastewater in a reaction-separation integrated reactor

Fluoride removal by traditional precipitation generates huge amounts of a water-rich sludge with low quality, which has no commercial or industrial value. The present study evaluated the feasibility of recovering fluoride as low water content cryolite from industrial fluoride-containing wastewater. A novel pilot-scale reaction-separation integrated reactor was designed. The results showed that the seed retention time in the reactor was prolonged to strengthen the induced crystallization process. The particle size of cryolite increased with increasing seed retention time, which decreased the water content. The recovery rate of cryolite was above 75% under an influent fluoride concentration of 3500 mg/L, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and an influent flow of 40 L/hr. The cryolite products that precipitated from the reactor were small in volume, large in particle size, low in water content, high in crystal purity, and recyclable.     

Johnson & Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型在污染物室内挥发风险评价中的应用和比较

在土壤污染和地下水污染的现场,挥发过程是挥发性污染物暴露的重要途径.设置典型土壤污染场景作为研究对象,选取Johnson&Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型进行室内挥发过程的模拟和暴露浓度的计算.对两个模型中污染物的运移机理进行了比较和分析.尽管方法和参数选择有所不同,二者对污染源处三相平衡浓度的计算本质上是一致的.暴露浓度的计算结果表明,两个模型对室内挥发过程的模拟可能会有较大差异,与污染现场的具体情况有关.参数影响的分析表明,污染源顶部埋深对二者暴露浓度的影响一致,Johnson&Ettinger模型对污染土壤含水率的大小非常敏感.建议考虑房屋结构的实际情况,选用或者改进模型进行室内挥发过程的评价.     

Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.     

污泥填埋场气体产量的预测方法研究

为有效利用污泥填埋场内产生的沼气,以上海白龙港污水处理厂污泥为例,对污泥填埋场中气体产生率及产生量进行了预测.应用元素的归一化摩尔化方法得到该污水处理厂污泥有机物的近似分子式为C28H52O16N4.用化学计量法和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生潜能分别为60.6,61.7kg/t(以干重计).用动力学模型和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生率分别为13.3,11.1kg/(t×a)(以干重计),2种方法计算的甲烷气体产生率的差别主要在于参数的取值不同,化学计量法和动力学模型法预测的气体产生量和产生率更能反映污泥填埋场实际的气体产生情况,应用IPCC模型更适合于从宏观角度估算一个地区或整个国家的填埋场产气量.     

雷击引燃森林可燃物概率的实验研究

利用自主设计的雷击点燃森林可燃物的模拟实验装置,采用大兴安岭地区的松针和白草作为实验材料进行了雷击点燃实验。通过Logistic回归分析得到雷击点燃概率方程,并且通过主成分分析发现可燃物含水率和设备的低压值是决定可燃物是否被点燃的主要因素。通过不同可燃物含水率和电极间距参数条件下的实验证明了Lo-gistic回归方程结果的合理性,并对电极间距改变范围对实验的局限性进行了分析。