The apportionment of quadratic entropy: a useful alternative for partitioning diversity in ecological data

Many methods that study the diversity within hierarchically structured populations have been developed in genetics. Among them, the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) has the advantage of including evolutionary distances between individuals. AMOVA is a special case of a far more general statistical scheme produced by Rao (1982a; 1986) and called the apportionment of quadratic entropy (APQE). It links diversity and dissimilarity and allows the decomposition of diversity according to a given hierarchy. We apply this framework to ecological data showing that APQE may be very useful for studying diversity at various spatial scales. Moreover, the quadratic entropy has a critical advantage over usual diversity indices because it takes into account differences between species. Finally, the differences that can be incorporated in APQE may be either taxonomic or functional (biological traits), which may be of critical interest for ecologists.     

玉.玉文化.旅游

开发旅游新产品，是促进我国旅游业不断迈上新台阶需要研究解决的问题之一。本文通过作者实施踏勘和检索有关文献，阐述了玉的种类及其主要产地的状况，并揭示它新蕴涵的文化内容。     

密封消解法测定高氯离子含盐废水COD_(Cr)的探讨

针对国标重铬酸钾法测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr时的不足,提出用密封消解法来测定高盐废水CODCr的观点,通过丁酮氧化率、氯离子干扰、混配水样和实际水样测定结果的比较,对国标法和密封消解法进行了验证。试验结果表明:在测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr值时,密封消解法优于重铬酸钾法,能够真实准确地反映废水的CODCr。     

Wood carbon content of tree species in Eastern China: interspecific variability and the importance of the volatile fraction

Data on the mass density and carbon content of tree organs, and in particular stem wood, are essential for accurate assessments of forest carbon sequestration. However most available data, including that for East Asia, has neglected the volatile C fraction. Wood samples were collected and assayed for C content from 14 native tree species in Jilin Province, NE China. C content showed statistically significant variation among species, ranging from 48.4% to 51.0%. The volatile C fraction was non-negligible, averaging 2.2%, and showed high variation among species. As found in prior studies, wood C content was appreciably higher in conifer than hardwood (angiosperm) species (50.8+/-0.1% vs. 49.5+/-0.2%, respectively). Wood carbon density (gC/cm(3)) showed very high inter-specific variation, due mainly to differences in wood specific gravity. Our analyses, in conjunction with recently published data from North America, indicate a global mean value of 47.5+/-0.5% wood C content exclusive of volatile C; the widely used 50% figure corresponds more closely to total wood C inclusive of the volatile fraction. Failure to include volatile C or to use species- or higher-taxon-specific C content values in forest C assessments is likely to introduce biases on the order approximately 4-6%. In addition, the stocks and flows of the volatile C fraction in wood are in themselves an important and sorely neglected aspect of forest C processes likely to be strongly impacted by harvests and other management practices.     

氯离子选择性电极法测定钻井废水氯离子含量

利用氯离子选择性电极测定钻井废水中的氯离子含量，分别用两种方法对钻井废水进行了预处理，氯离子在0-250mg/L的范围内线形关系良好，相关系数为0.9968,并且重现性和选择性良好、精密度与准确度较理想。     

FORESTED WETLANDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT: THEIR TRANSITION ZONES AND DELINEATION1

ABSTRACT: The delineation of inland wetlands requires close field examination of the biological and physical gradients (transition zones) between wetlands and bordering uplands. As part of a study on the detection and delineation of inland wetlands in eastern Connecticut by remote sensing techniques, this effort was designed to investigate vegetation distribution and composition and selected physical and chemical properties of the soils of wetland to upland transition zones in deciduous wetland forests. Field research was conducted during the growing season of 1975 within a test area consisting of the 45 mi² Town of Mansfield, Connecticut. Changes in vegetation composition and structure, soil pH, and soil water content were determined along line transects extended over wetland to upland transition zones. Differences in soil pH occurred along the transects but were of such magnitude that they probably have little impact on plant distribution. There were significant changes in soil water content along the wetland to upland gradients. Discriminant analysis applied to statistical “index of abundance” data describing vegetation distribution among the various zones (wetland, transition, upland) showed which plant species best distinguish wetlands from uplands. Of the criteria studied, vegetation composition and distribution, soil water content, and relief are the most useful criteria for delineating deciduous wetland forests.     

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ACTIVATED SLUDGE PHOSPHATE RELEASE1

The activated sludge process can remove significant amounts of phosphorus from sewage, but the removal efficiency is usually significantly reduced by the release of phosphate back to solution during subsequent treatment steps. This research presents a study of soluble phosphate release from activated sludge with emphasis on defining the factors that affect such release and the actual release mechanisms. Laboratory units were used for experimental purposes. The experiments were designed to study the relationship between soluble phosphate release and various environmental factors such as redox potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, solids concentration, solids destruction, and sulfate salt addition. The effect of substrate utilization on phosphate uptake and the relationship between uptake characteristics and subsequent phosphate release were also studied. The results show that some phosphate storage occurs during aerobic substrate utilization. Following substrate utilization, activated sludge phosphate release is directly related to the amount of biological stress the organisms are subjected to, and the mechanism of release is primarily cell lysis. The phosphate released per unit sludge under anoxic conditions is relatively constant. Under normal environmental conditions, neither ORP or pH change have a significant affect on phosphate release.     

颗粒粒径和含固率对疏浚泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

为保护海洋生态环境,合理利用海洋倾倒区,防止悬浮泥沙扩散,采用絮凝处理工艺,在不考虑外部环境的影响下,探讨颗粒粒径和含固率对疏浚泥沙的絮凝作用的影响;采用湿筛法对珠江口疏浚泥沙进行分组,将疏浚泥沙分为混合样、粒径>74 μm、粒径<74 μm、粒径<37 μm和粒径<15 μm的5个粒径段,研究不同粒径段和不同含固率泥沙在加入不同量聚合氯化铝 (PAC) 后,絮凝前后的粒径分布变化特征。结果表明：粒径>74 μm的泥沙颗粒不发生絮凝作用;向含固率为10%的泥沙中加入相同量的絮凝剂后,絮凝沉降速率由慢到快、沉积泥含水率由高到低、沉积泥体积由高到低的粒径段均依次为混合样、粒径<74 μm、粒径<37 μm和粒径<15 μm;对不同含固率的泥沙进行絮凝调理后,25~37 μm粒径段的粒径占比均呈现出随泥沙含固率的增大先增大后减小的趋势,当含固率为5%~10%时粒径占比最高,累积质量分数差异较大的粒径段出现在28~32 μm;对含固率为10%的泥沙进行絮凝处理后,<30 μm的粒径段,絮凝前的占比>絮凝后的占比;30~40 μm的粒径段,絮凝后的占比>絮凝前的占比;不同含固率的泥沙粒径占比峰值由23 μm分别变为33、32.8、32.1、31.6和32.2 μm,且粒径<30 μm的细颗粒含量明显减少,粒径>30 μm的细颗粒含量明显增加。综上所述,在不考虑外部环境的影响下,30 μm为该区域泥沙的絮凝临界粒径;泥沙含固率在5%~10%时,不利于PAC对泥沙的絮凝作用;絮凝后,泥沙絮团粒径为30~40 μm。本研究成果可为疏浚物海洋倾倒前环保处理技术提供关键参数和依据,并为泥沙的絮凝机理的进一步探索提供参考。     

油脂含量和有机负荷对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化的影响

为了研究进料油脂含量(5%~25%)和有机负荷(40~60 kg VS/m3)对餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化的共同影响,采用软件Design-Expert 8.0.6设计进料参数,以容积产甲烷率作为响应值,对14组序批式实验的结果进行回归分析,并建立容积产甲烷率与油脂含量和有机负荷间的回归方程。结果表明,当有机负荷为40 kg VS/m3时,甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加而增大;当有机负荷为50 kg VS/m3时,甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加先增大后减小;当有机负荷为60 kg VS/m3时甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加而减小。序批式实验中进料的最佳油脂含量和有机负荷分别为18.7%和42.9 kg VS/m3,对应响应面的理论容积产甲烷率最大值为32.74 L CH4/L。研究结论可以应用到实际工程中,为餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化技术的推广提供一定的理论基础。     

OilTech121便携式测油仪在突发性水污染事件中的应用

应用OilTech121便携式测油仪对某突发性水污染事件的小溪沟、长江水样进行石油类浓度检测,分析其石油类浓度沿程变化情况以及对小溪沟、长江水质的影响。结果表明,受含油废水的影响,小溪沟明显受到污染,入溪口d2石油类浓度高达24.9 mg/L,围油栏和吸油毡组成的拦截带对石油类的吸附处置效果明显,4道拦截带的油污拦截效率分别达到41%、34%、28%和18%,此外,长江水质也受到一定程度的影响,但下游水厂取水口水质未受污染,无需中断水厂取水。鉴于该仪器具有携带方便、操作简单、检测速度快等优点,并为判断拦截带吸附处置效率、水厂取水是否安全等重要决策领域提供了大量及时的第一手数据,建议在突发性水污染事件石油类浓度检测及预警中推广使用。