梯级稻田主要营养元素的平衡特点

通过研究梯级稻田主要营养元素的输入、输出途径，发现了丘陵梯田所存在的生态环境问题及其营养丰缺状况，为合理施肥、发挥资源潜力提出了一系列的意见和建议。     

论南方稻田耕作制度的调整与改革

本文在比较全面、系统地总结改革开放１５年来，南方稻田耕作制度调整与改革所取得的成效的基础上，指出了目前南方稻田耕作制度存在的问题，提出了在新形势下南方稻田耕作制度调整与改革的对策和思路，对指导目前南方稻田耕作制度的改革具有重要参考价值．     

The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of Elements in Crops and Soil

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

从水稻种子表面分离的紫云英根瘤菌与不同水稻品种亲合性的研究

采用紫云英琼脂管结瘤试验，在10个供试的不同水稻品种中，仅从“汕优63”和“珍A一代”2个品种的种子表面各分离筛选到在紫云英上结瘤较早且较多的1个菌株，分别命名为SY63－4和SA1D－3。采用无菌盆栽试验分别将这2个菌株接种于4个不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“珍A一代”、“马协63”及“博湛优19”，发现菌株ZA1D－3对4种水稻均表现出显著的促生作用，SY63－4仅对“汕优63”和“珍A一代”表现出明显的促生作用。利用MPN法检测不同水稻品种根内外根瘤菌ZA1D－3和SY63－4的数量，发现ZA1D－3和SY63－4在4种水稻根部的定殖数量也不相同。SY63－4在“汕优63”根部定殖的数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为5．20，比在其余3种水稻根部高出2个数量级；ZA1D－3在“珍A一代”根部定殖的最大数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为4．54，比在其余3种水稻根部高出1个数量级。这说明SY63－4与“汕优63”，ZA1D－3与“珍A一代”间存在着一定的亲和性。图1表2参12     

低磷胁迫下不同水稻品种根系吸收能力差异的生理与遗传本质

在低磷（1mg L-1)和适磷水平（10mg L^-1)下，分别以混合培养方式研究了粳稻京系17（Oryza sativa ssp.japonica)(JX17)和粘稻窄叶青8号（Oryza sativa ssp.indica)(ZYQ8)对磷营养的反应。结果表明，低磷胁迫下，JX17较ZYQ8吸收更多磷素，干物重也显著增加。相反，ZYQ8则受到更强的磷胁迫，吸磷量和干物重降低，主要是因为JX17具有较高的吸磷速度，单位根长吸磷量大，即根系高亲和力磷酸盐转运蛋白表达强，最大限度地吸收可能利用的磷素，从而改善植株营养状况，同时又有较多的磷被分配到根系，使根第，根表面积和根干重相应提高，进一步增加了其在低磷胁迫条件下的竞争磷营养的优势。图3表2参17     

Field Studies on 32P Movement and P Leaching from Flooded Paddy Soils in the Region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH₂ ³²PO₄ tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total ³²P retained in the 0–5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The ³²P retained in the 25–30 cm layer was only about 1–2% of the total ³²P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of ³²P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of ³²P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0–30cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5–5.8% and 1.6–2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

农村经济活动对云南野生稻居群的影响

云南野生稻包括普通野生稻(O.rufipogon Griff)、疣粒野生稻(O.meyeriana Baill)和药用野生稻(O.officinalis Wall),是属于全国仅存的几处宝贵基因资源库之一。野生稻具有许多优良特性及其相应的基因,在栽培稻育种和生物技术利用等方面具有巨大的潜力。文章在对云南野生稻居群长期调查或考察的基础上,分析了云南野生稻居群濒危的现状,认为热区经济开发、游牧、木材消耗、采集草药、外来种入侵和环境污染等农村经济活动是致濒的主要因素。阐明了选择合理的保护方法、加大普法和执法力度、完善保护体制与运行机制、调整种植结构是当前云南野生稻居群保护管理与经济协调发展的四项重点措施。     

15N示踪法研究固氮芽孢杆菌应用效果

通过对水稻盆栽试验,应用15N示踪测试技术和土壤农业化学分析方法,研究接种不同剂量固氮芽孢菌对当季水稻的供氮能力,结果表明:在施有机肥的基础上,接种固氮芽孢杆菌能为当季水稻提供氮素,而且,接菌剂量在0.60亿个?pot-1以内,其供氮能力随着接菌剂量的增加而提高;接种剂量从0.15亿个?pot-1增加到0.60亿个?pot-1,其对当季初的氮素供应从88.7mg?pot-1提高至109.7mg?pot-1,并减少水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收,增加茬后土壤的速效氮积累,接种量以0.15亿个?pot-1～0.30亿个?pot-1较经济。但在一定的施肥基础上,接种固氮菌对水稻的产生量和吸收氮素总量影响不明显。     

苏打盐碱土地区水田水盐运移模拟与预测研究

井灌种稻虽然是近年来松嫩平原西部土地苏打盐碱化治理的有效途径,但苏打盐碱地种稻改良对土壤盐分状况的长期影响,却缺乏定量化评价。作者选择该区代表性地点,通过田间观测与建立模型相结合的方法,对现有种植条件下的水田盐分动态变化进行了模拟和检验。研究发现,经过一定开垦年限土壤剖面平均含盐量下降到1.5g·kg-1左右后,在降水量正常的条件下,土壤盐分已基本达到平衡,不再随着开垦年限增加而进一步下降。相反,如遇干旱年份土壤盐分还会略有增加。需要进一步采取增加排水次数、改善土壤通透性等其它技术措施,才能使苏打盐碱地种稻改良达到更加理想的效果。