城镇发展的可持续性评价方法及其应用

采用多目标评价方法构建以发展度、协调度和支撑度为评价指标的评价模型,对城镇发展的可持续性进行评价.运用层次分析法,从人口、社会和经济等方面建立评价指标体系,评估人工生态系统的发展度和协调度,将资源和环境状况作为"支撑度"指标评估自然生态系统的可持续性,进而计算城镇发展的综合可持续性水平.以福建省铁山镇为例,应用该模型进行评价.结果表明,铁山镇发展的可持续性水平为0.617(取值范围0～1),属于中等可持续水平,水环境污染是最主要的瓶颈因素.该评价方法可以辨识城镇发展的可持续性,为城镇产业发展的方向和规模等提供决策依据.     

生态足迹模型在黔东南州生态可持续性评价中的应用

生态足迹模型由加拿大生态经济学家William Rees于20世纪90年代提出,是一种对全球范围、国家范围乃至区域和城市范围的可持续发展状况进行定量测度的方法。文章结合生态足迹模型的概念和方法,对黔东南苗族侗族自治州2003～2006四年的生态足迹进行了计算,该州2003～2006年的人均生态足迹为1.2005hm2、1.2249hm2、1.2268hm2和1.3226hm2,人均生态赤字为0.3326hm2、0.4873hm2、0.4852hm2和0.5660hm2,说明该州的生态赤字呈逐年上升的趋势,该州的社会经济发展模式处于不可持续的状态。但与贵州省、全国相比较,黔东南自治州在贵州省乃至于全国范围内仍属可持续发展的地区。在此基础上,文章提出了在黔东南苗族侗族自治州实现生态可持续发展的方法和措施。     

异龙湖湿地功能可持续性评价及PSR模型时滞性研究

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型理念,构建了异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性评价的指标体系;同时,基于生态系统健康原理和模糊数学提出了湿地生态系统退化及其可持续性评价方法,研究了20世纪50年代至今异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性变化的过程,包括压力、状态、响应和可持续能力4个方面,并使用偏相关分析和时间平移的方法修正了PSR模型的滞后性.研究结果表明:20世纪50年代至今,异龙湖湿地生态系统的功能可持续能力不断下降,目前逐渐趋于平缓;异龙湖湿地生态系统功能的变化滞后于压力约1～5a,滞后于响应约1～15a.     

略论土壤重金属污染及防治

在我国土壤重金属污染已经比较严重,本文简要介绍了重金属的危害及其对土壤造成污染的来源,分析当前土壤重金属污染防治技术,对做好土壤重金属污染防治工作提出建议。     

可持续发展的排水系统设计

摘要：城市排水系统是保护公共生产、生活安全以及防护洪水的首要部分。世界众多国家利用多年时间出台了相关立法并提高了城市排水系统的设计标准。排水系统设计依靠成熟的软件工具已经进化成一个非常规范化的产业。这篇文章着眼于新的工业推动力,独特的可持续发展力,综述在设计时结合可持续排水系统的方式,讨论在未来设计过程改进的方式。     

Review of corporate environmental indicators

This paper reviews a series of environmental indicators developed in the last years that were found suitable to be applied at corporate level for the evaluation of production processes and products. The indicators reviewed in this paper were classified into four main groups: 1) Indicators of Energy and Material Flows; 2) Indicators with a Territorial Dimension; 3) Indicators of Life-Cycle Assessment; 4) Indicators of Environmental Risk Assessment. Integrative and single index indicators such as the ecological footprint or carbon footprint were found as the most appealing for enterprises, although there is a need to advance in the field to combine the simplicity required at corporate level for tracking and reporting environmental data, and the scientific rigor and transparency necessary to make the scores reliable. Hence, for each of the indicators revised it was stated what they do and do not measure so that misleading information was not used for decision making at corporate level.     

基于弱HSDI与强HSDI的区域可持续性评价——以中国环渤海地区为例

可持续性评价是可持续性科学研究的重要内容。在HDI和HSDI的基础上,构建对环境重视程度不同的弱HSDI与强HSDI评价指数,以中国环渤海地区为例,揭示区域2000-2015年可持续性基本状态与变化过程。结果表明：从基本状态来看,环渤海地区各市可持续性水平等级结构失衡,弱HSDI与强HSDI水平均呈两头小、中间大的纺锤形等级结构,但弱HSDI的等级结构失衡比强HSDI更严重,且弱、强HSDI空间格局差异较大;从变化过程来看,环渤海地区各市可持续发展步调不一致,弱HSDI与强HSDI均以显著增长趋势为主,但弱HSDI主要呈中高速增长,强HSDI主要呈中低速增长。结合评价结果,划分可持续性状态与过程矩阵,提出具有针对性的多元化策略,可为促进区域可持续发展提供决策参考。     

A dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal trade within legal wildlife markets

Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. Regulatory frameworks are needed to secure these diverse benefits of sustainable wildlife trade. However, regulations limiting trade can backfire, sparking illegal trade if demand is not met by legal trade alone. Assessing how regulations affect wildlife market participants’ incentives is key to controlling illegal trade. Although much research has assessed how incentives at both the harvester and consumer ends of markets are affected by regulations, little has been done to understand the incentives of traders (i.e., intermediaries). We built a dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal wildlife trade within legal markets by focusing on incentives traders face to trade legal or illegal products. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach to infer illegal trading dynamics and parameters that might be unknown (e.g., price of illegal products). We showcased the utility of the approach with a small-scale fishery case study in Chile, where we disentangled within-year dynamics of legal and illegal trading and found that the majority (∼77%) of traded fish is illegal. We utilized the model to assess the effect of policy interventions to improve the fishery's sustainability and explore the trade-offs between ecological, economic, and social goals. Scenario simulations showed that even significant increases (over 200%) in parameters proxying for policy interventions enabled only moderate improvements in ecological and social sustainability of the fishery at substantial economic cost. These results expose how unbalanced trader incentives are toward trading illegal over legal products in this fishery. Our model provides a novel tool for promoting sustainable wildlife trade in data-limited settings, which explicitly considers traders as critical players in wildlife markets. Sustainable wildlife trade requires incentivizing legal over illegal wildlife trade and consideration of the social, ecological, and economic impacts of interventions.     

Measurement of sustainability performance in Brazilian organizations

In recent years, sustainability issues are gaining greater prominence among organizations and their stakeholders around the world. This paper aims to verify the sustainability performance of Brazilian organizations in performance measures and to propose sustainable guidelines with the intention of directing future efforts to the transition to sustainable development. The research utilized a triangulated approach by collecting qualitative and quantitative data acquired through multiple collection methods of a theoretical literature review, documentary analysis of corporate reports, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and academic researchers. The results show that internal organizational factors are the main inductors of the sustainable environment in organizations, and sustainability must be tied to strategic planning, starting from upper management to lower levels. It is essential to use sustainable performance measurement systems in order to respond to external and internal levers and serve as benchmarking for future corporate operations and strategies. In addition, it is the responsibility of organizations to focus their efforts on environmental protection, reduction of energy, corporate reputation, quality management, customer satisfaction and investor relations, as they are considered to be more important and have a relationship of dependence on organizational sustainability. The findings will be of value to professionals and academics who want to start measuring and for continuously improving the sustainability performance of their organizations according to the technical, economic, environmental, social and governance dimensions. This research work also helps to understand the perceptions and expectations of stakeholders.     

Firm ownership structure impact on corporate social responsibility: evidence from austerity U.K.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important sustainable development issue in U.K. The main contribution of this study is to examine how firm ownership structure impacts good corporate governance and CSR in U.K. during austerity conditions. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the U.K. government introduced austerity conditions which impacted firm CSR activities. From the initial sample of more than 250 firms, 50 consistently remain listed on the FTSE4good index during 2008–2012 and are analysed. The definition of CSR distinguishes voluntary and mandatory CSR construct. Findings indicate Board ownership structure and satisfactory firm performance impact on the level of voluntary CSR. Board ownership results suggest increased institutional and non-CEO shareholdings support a higher level of voluntary CSR engagement, whilst increased CEO shareholdings lead to a lower level of investment in voluntary CSR. In terms of satisfactory firm performance, results suggest positive attainment discrepancy supports a higher level of voluntary CSR, whereas greater potential organisational slack leads to a lower level of voluntary CSR investment. Effective governance and voluntary CSR association is more pronounced under conditions of high attainment discrepancy and low organisational slack. The findings suggest implications for adapting firm decision-making latitude and government policy between austerity and prosperity conditions.