Long-term stability and risk assessment of copper and cadmium in a smelter-impacted soil treated by four amendments

In an effort to address public concerns of the long-term stability and ecological risk reduction of Cu and Cd in a farmland located at the Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, containing ～ 800?mg?kg^?1 Cu and 0.8?mg?kg^?1 Cd soil, were treated in situ by attapulgite, apatite, montmorillonite and lime at the rate: 10, 10, 10 and 4?g?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Field experiment consisted of 2?×?3-m plots arranged in a randomised complete block design with each treatment. Soil and plant samples were collected in sixth years post-treatments and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, chemical fraction and Cu, Cd concentration in plant tissue. The results indicated that the apatite and lime treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible and exchangeable fractions Cu and Cd in the soil at sixth years post the treatments. Cu and Cd concentration in plant tissue was positively related to the bioaccessibility of Cu and Cd. The treatment used 10?g apatite kg^?1 soil appeared to be most effective for overall risk reduction. The Cu and Cd stabilisation and risk reduction by the apatite treatments were accomplished by the induced transformation of labile Cu and Cu species to relatively insoluble forms. This study illustrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by apatite would be long-term and ecologically safe, which could safeguard human health and ecosystem from Cu and Cd contamination in mining areas.     

河北省怀来县可持续发展状况的生态足迹分析

生态足迹模型是一组基于土地面积的量化指标,通过测定现今人类为了维持自身生存而利用的生物生产性土地面积的量来评估人类对地球生态系统的影响,是一种用来衡量可持续发展程度的方法。论文基于对河北省怀来县生态足迹的测算,从供需平衡状况、供需结构和资源利用效率三方面定量分析了怀来县生态系统可持续发展的状况。结果表明:①2001年怀来县人均生态赤字0.7245hm₂/人,人类活动对区域生态经济系统的影响已超出了其生态承载力的阈值,区域生态经济系统的结构和功能亟需调整;②怀来县人均生态足迹的供需结构具有明显的不对称性,其供给以耕地为主,需求以化石燃料用地为主,可用于人类消费的可供生态空间类型结构较为单一;③人均生态赤字的存在,进一步揭示了当前人地关系紧张的现状;④万元GDP生态足迹需求的区域对比表明,当前怀来县资源利用效率还较低。     

企业环境信息公开与政府监管策略的演化博弈分析

由于企业与消费者、投资者、政府等利益相关者之间存在着信息不对称,而真实的企业环境信息是利益相关者做出决策的必要前提,所以具有良好环境行为的企业愿意公开真实的环境信息,但同时也会使不具有良好环境行为的企业有动机公开虚假的环境信息以谋取额外收益,进而导致企业环境信息的信号传递失效。针对此问题,本文考虑了相关主体的有限理性特征,构建了企业是否真实公开环境信息与政府监管行为交互的演化模型,分析了不同参数的变化对系统演化结果的影响,并通过数值实验模拟了不同初始状态和参数设置下的系统演化过程,得出了一定的结论。研究表明:初始状态时的政府监管概率、政府的监管成本、对企业公开虚假环境信息的惩罚、政府选择监管策略的收益、企业真实公开环境信息的收益和企业的伪装效果系数对系统的演化结果具有重要影响,通过政策手段对这些参数进行调控可以引导系统向良好模式演化,使企业公开真实的环境信息,达到环境信息的信号传递作用。     

中国经济-环境系统的物质流分析

利用物质流的理论和方法分析了1989～1996年间我国经济系统的物质需求总量、物质消耗强度和物质生产力。研究结果表明 :①我国经济发展的资源与生态环境代价是巨大的 ,1994年物质需求总量是与我国国土面积大致相当的美国的1 6倍 ;②我国经济系统的运行主要依赖于国内的资源消耗 ,1994年人均国内物质需求量是荷兰的1 1倍和日本的1 5倍 ;③我国的资源利用效率仍然很低 ,1994年单位物质消耗量所创造的GNP仅为发达国家的约2 %～6 %。在上述分析的基础上 ,以我国目前的物质生产力为起始点 ,提出了到2025年和2050年将资源利用效率分别提高4倍和10倍的中、长期目标 ,以便与全球可持续发展对资源消耗的总控制目标相适应。     

黄土高原小流域退耕还林还草的生态水文效应与可持续性

黄土高原实施退耕还林还草工程20余年,区域生态环境发生巨大变化,过度植被恢复产生的负效应也逐步显现,有关黄土高原高强度植被恢复的可持续性问题引起讨论。当前,黄土高原植被恢复已进入一个节点性时期,但植被重建的终极目标并不十分明确。未来50—100 a,黄土高原退耕还林还草工程的环境效应与可持续性如何,目前缺乏前瞻性的科学认识。鉴于这一问题,本文对黄土高原近20 a大规模植被恢复和重建产生的生态、水文、侵蚀和气候效应进行了回顾,并对在甘肃庆阳南小河沟长期退耕还林和还草小流域持续开展近10 a的观测研究成果进行了总结分析,探讨长期自然和人为植被恢复背景下小流域的生态水文效应,最后从小流域视角对黄土高原退耕还林还草的可持续性进行了探讨。针对当前黄土高原退耕还林还草工程取得的成绩和面临的挑战,提出了退耕还林还草的两阶段论。第一阶段为退耕还林还草实施至今20 a,主要目标是增绿、控蚀、减泥沙,目前这一目标已基本实现;第二阶段为未来20—30 a,目标是稳绿、增水、促发展,当前工作的重点是需要针对第二阶段的目标开展规划和研究工作,提高黄土高原生态质量的持久性和区域人地关系的协调。     

可持续性约束下开放流域系统氮磷环境承载力研究

随着我国有机污染物控制力度不断加大,氮磷营养盐逐步凸显为流域环境质量改善与经济社会发展的重要约束因子.如何以流域氮磷环境承载力为约束,实现经济社会优化发展已成为我国流域环境管理面临的主要难题.传统的环境承载力研究局限于流域内部的自然资源约束和经济社会优化,忽略了流域内外物质交换对承载力的影响,结果往往以牺牲外部可持续性为代价.基于开放系统视角,本研究提出可持续性约束下的流域氮磷环境承载力概念与测度方法,认为流域氮磷环境承载力是指在流域内外氮磷营养盐交换平衡的前提下,流域水环境氮磷含量达标情况下所能承载的最大人口规模.以氮磷污染严重的滇池流域为例,构建了氮磷环境承载力优化模型,得到滇池湖体氮磷达标和流域内外氮磷交换平衡约束下流域的最大人口承载能力为538万人,相对于现状2010年可提升32%;此外,外流域调水、氮磷循环利用率和污水外排等措施对承载力有显著影响.     

Life-cycle assessment of two sewage sludge-to-energy systems based on different sewage sludge characteristics: Energy balance and greenhouse gas-emission footprint analysis

Anaerobic digestion and incineration are widely used sewage sludge(SS) treatment and disposal approaches to recovering energy from SS, but it is difficult to select a suitable technical process from the various technologies. In this study, life-cycle assessments were adopted to compare the energy-and greenhouse gas-(GHG) emission footprints of two sludge-to-energy systems. One system uses a combination of AD with incineration(the AI system),whereas the other was simplified by direct incineration...     

区域生态可持续评价

生态可持续是区域可持续发展的基础和重要组成部分。区域生态系统由自然生态和人工生态系统构成。借鉴自然生态的V-O-R模型，建立了以基况、自然活力、自然结构、生态恢复能力和生态服务能力（CVORS）为准则的区域生态可持续评价指标体系。运用主成分分析法客观确定指标权重，对黄河三角洲区域的生态可持续进行了实证研究。     

农业生态监测目标与监测指标体系选择探讨

本文扼要地阐述了农业生态监测的最终目标一农业生态可持续性的重要性,并对其定义、内涵（环境质量和生态完善性、动植物生产的高质性以及社会经济的可行性）、可持续农业的一般过程等三个方面进行了介绍;初步探讨了农业生态可持续性监测指标体系的选择原则和方法．     

Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon

The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets.