Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality  46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

基于CMIP5多模式集合预估东海和南海21世纪海平面高度变化

人类活动引起的当代气候变暖已导致全球海平面显著上升,在21世纪全球气候继续变暖的背景下,东南沿海海平面的升高将对区域环境及社会可持续发展带来巨大挑战,但目前对未来区域海平面变化的预估尚存在较大的不确定性。本文基于筛选的国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）的10个模拟性能较好的气候模式输出结果,通过多模式集合预估了未来温室气体三种排放情景下21世纪东海和南海区域海平面高度的趋势变化,并分析了不同影响因子的贡献。通过计算海水热比容、盐比容和动力因子对海平面高度的影响,并在考虑冰川冰盖消融等因子的订正后,发现：21世纪东海和南海海平面高度都呈现连续上升趋势,东海和南海地区上升幅度略小于全球平均,南海上升幅度略大于东海。在温室气体低（RCP2.6）、中（RCP4.5）和高（RCP8.5）排放情景下,21世纪后期（2081—2100年）较前期（2006—2025年）东海/南海平均海平面分别上升0.26 [0.01—0.55] m/0.29 [0.05—0.55] m、0.38 [0.10—0.66] m/0.40 [0.14—0.67] m和0.52[0.15—0.89] m/0.52[0.23—0.83] m（方括号内为相应的不确定性范围）。随着温室气体排放的升高,海平面上升幅度也增大,东海海平面上升区由东南向西北扩展,南海海平面上升区由东北向西南扩展。统计分析还表明：在不同排放情景下,不同影响因子对海平面变化的贡献也不一样,随着排放强度从低到高变化,海洋比容加动力因子的相对贡献从28%—34%升高至46%—47%,而冰川冰盖消融等其他因子的相对贡献从 66%—72%降低至53%—54%。     

春季黄、渤海中异戊二烯的浓度空间分布与海-气通量

利用吹扫捕集-气质联用方法测定了2014年5月黄海、渤海所取海水样品中异戊二烯的含量,探讨了其分布特征、海-气通量及影响因素.研究结果表明：春季黄海、渤海海域表层海水中异戊二烯的浓度范围为6.02~32.91pmol/L,（平均值±标准偏差）为（15.39±4.98）pmol/L,在黄海中部海域出现浓度高值;表层海水中异戊二烯与叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度有一定的正相关性（R²=0.2529,n=49,P < 0.001）,说明浮游植物生物量在异戊二烯生产和分布中发挥重要作用;春季黄海、渤海异戊二烯海-气通量的变化范围为0.78~192.43nmol/（m²·d）,（平均值±标准偏差）为（24.08±30.11）nmol/（m²·d）,表明我国陆架海区是大气异戊二烯重要的源.     

立井揭煤前测定煤层瓦斯压力的方法与实践

为了解决复杂环境下立井揭煤前煤层瓦斯压力的可靠测定,基于揭煤井筒瓦斯地质特征、煤岩体物理力学性质,应用COMSOL软件模拟揭煤工作面在接近目标煤层时,井筒周围煤岩的地应力分布特征,直观展现了目标煤层中的应力分布结果。模拟结果表明,立井工作面距煤层的垂直距离为7 m时,煤层中会形成一个近似于环形的卸压圈,卸压半径为16 m,因此煤层瓦斯压力测试孔的终孔位置应布置在井筒中心线16 m以外的原始地应力区,以保证测压点瓦斯压力不受揭煤井筒卸压区的影响,令测压结果准确可靠,从而更好地预测煤与瓦斯突出区域的危险性。同时,结合立井揭煤工作面的水文地质特征和井筒严重淋水情况,自主研发并应用了瓦斯测压孔"两堵一注"封孔材料及特定的封孔工艺,进一步保障了封孔质量和瓦斯压力测试结果的可靠性。最后,依据测压结束时测压管内的实际水压情况,对测压结果进行修正,并依据实测瓦斯含量,采用间接法对所测得的瓦斯压力进行验证,实测值在反算得到的瓦斯压力值域内,表明此方法有效可行。     

春季南黄海溶解有机碳的分布特征及其受控因素

依据2007年4月对南黄海调查所得的溶解有机碳(DOC)数据,初步分析了南黄海DOC的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,2007年春季南黄海DOC的质量浓度为0.91～2.69 mg/L,平均值为1.62 mg/L,北部近岸DOC浓度高,长江口北部海域及南黄海中部外海DOC含量较低;在垂直方向上,10 m层DOC含量略高,各水层量值相差不大。DOC的分布趋势主要受控于水文结构,某些河口海域,生物生产对DOC含量也有一定的贡献。     

One century record of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in core sediments from the southern Yellow Sea

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at a 2-cm interval in a core sample from the middle of the southern Yellow Sea for elucidating their historical variations in inflow and sources. The chronology was obtained using the 210Pb method. PAHs concentrations decreased generally with depth and two climax values occurred in 14–16 cm and 20–22 cm layers, demonstrating that the production and usage of PAHs might reach peaks in the periods of 1956–1962...     

入海污染物总量分配技术研究初探

实践表明,要实现海域环境保护的管理目标,必须对入海污染物排放总量进行控制。本文通过分析总量分配的关键技术与核心问题,针对等比例分配方法、费用最小分配方法、按贡献率削减排放量分配方法以及数学规划分配方法进行了初步探讨,并研究了总量分配技术中的公平性问题,为入海污染物的总量分配提供科学参考。     

二次富集气相色谱法测定环境中的痕量磷化氢

本文研究了富集柱类型、富集温度和色谱操作条件等因素对二次富集气相色谱法测定环境中痕量PH3的影响,并将其应用于青岛大气和东海陆架沉积物中PH3的测定,取得了较为满意的结果.该方法具有操作简单、灵敏度高、分析速度快、干扰少等优点,其检测限为0.02 pg、精密度2.0%、线性范围为0.56 pg～5.6 ng.用此方法测定了冬季东海大陆架表层沉积物中PH3含量为(0.51～23.10)×10-9,其分布明显受到人类活动的影响,研究结果还表明东海沉积物中的PH3是海洋中磷的潜在来源之一;青岛崂山大气中PH3日变化趋势说明大气中PH3明显受光照的影响.     

黄海鳀鱼中痕量金属浓度与体长的关系

测定了在黄海采集的各种体长的鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)中6种痕量金属(Zn、Cu、Fe、Al、Mn和Sr)和3种主要元素(C、N和P)的浓度.除Zn浓度在4～5倍内变动外,其余5种痕量金属浓度的变动范围均接近或超过一个数量级;并且,这6种金属均显示出了浓度随体长增长而下降的趋势.对于3种主要元素,N和P的含量也与体长存在负相关关系,而C却显示出了强烈的正相关关系.聚类分析表明,Zn和Cu在鳀鱼内的浓度变化较为接近,可能验证了这两种金属与生物体内新陈代谢活动较为密切的性质;而其余4种金属的浓度变化规律更为接近,可能反映了陆源输入的影响.     

西北冰洋海域表层沉积物中厌氧菌分布特征

用逐步稀释法在4℃和25℃培养条件下测定了西北冰洋海域24个表层沉积物样品中厌氧菌(Anaerobic bacteria,AAB) 的检出率和含量.同时,分析了这两项指标的水平分布（纬度间、经度间）差异,以及在不同水深的变化特征.结果表明,在4℃和25℃培养条件下厌氧菌检出率高达100%,AAB含量范围分别为9.00×102~2.40×107cell·g-1和2.90×104~2.40×107cell·g-1,平均含量分别为4.54×106cell·g-1和3.99×106cell·g-1.AAB含量存在水平分布差异,随着纬度升高,或经度自西向东,或水深的加大,AAB的含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势.