Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

太湖水华前表层水CDOM的光谱特征与来源解析

有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）是水生态系统中营养盐生物地球化学循环的重要环节,为探究太湖水华前表层水中CDOM的组分特征与来源,采用紫外-可见光谱与激发发射矩阵荧光光谱-平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）技术对表层水中的CDOM组分进行了解析,结合CDOM光学参数（a₃₅₅、SUVA₂₅₄、a₂₅₀/a₃₆₅、FI、BIX和HIX）辨识其空间差异与污染来源,并与太湖CDOM组分历史数据进行了初步对比.结果表明,a₃₅₅、SUVA₂₅₄和a₂₅₀/a₃₆₅显示太湖东部表层水CDOM呈现高浓度、高芳香性和低相对分子量的特征,而北部与之相反.平行因子分析法从CDOM中分离出4个组分,类酪氨酸（C1）、两种类色氨酸（C2、C4）和类富里酸（C3）,且主要组分C1与C2和C3组分具有较强的线性关系,不同组分来自相似污染源,荧光指数显示,太湖CDOM不同区域间受内源与陆源输入影响存在差异,但整体腐殖化程度较低.这表明太湖CDOM组分以类蛋白（C1、C2和C4）为主（>85%）且以自生源为主,可生化利用性好.     

微囊藻毒素-LR对罗非鱼鳃组织活性氧自由基含量及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响

应用腹腔注射的方式,研究了微囊藻毒素MC-LR对罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）鳃组织活性氧自由基含量（ROS）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果表明：在MC-LR的胁迫下,罗非鱼鳃组织产生了大量的ROS,并引起了SOD和CAT 2种抗氧化酶活性的变化。SOD和CAT在清除过量的ROS时表现出的动态变化过程不同,SOD的变化曲线是多阶段的,而CAT则表现为先诱导后恢复的趋势。SOD和CAT在变化趋势上有所不同,但均表现为明显的时间与效应的正相关关系和剂量与效应的正相关关系。这也为将鳃组织中SOD和CAT作为抗氧化生物标志物来监测微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼胁迫作用提供了一定的参考。试验为研究微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼的生态毒理学作用提供相应的资料,并为罗非鱼质量安全问题的研究打下一定的基础。     

Seven years from the first application of polyaluminium chloride in the Czech Republic – effects on phytoplankton communities in three water bodies

This study determines the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride application on phytoplankton species as a consequence of five reservoir restorations in the Czech Republic during the years 2005 and 2008, including the first ever large-scale application. Although polyaluminium chloride has been used in water treatment plants across the world, information about its application toward cyanobacterial blooms in nature is poor. Although the application of polyaluminium chloride did not cause any fundamental long-term changes in the composition of phytoplankton species or phosphorus load, instead causing fast and acute removal of the phytoplankton community, it may act as an algicidal compound with fast removal efficiency. All treated water bodies described in our study remained unaffected by cyanobacterial blooms and the hygienic limit for the purposes of recreation was not exceeded in any particular season. This article should serve as notice of the advantages and disadvantages of polyaluminium chloride application, and also warn against the uniform usage of this chemical as a method of reducing phytoplankton species in all types of water bodies where cyanobacteria are present. Moreover, data about the effects on non-target (invertebrates) species and microcystin release from cyanobacterial cells are also mentioned.     

蓝藻水华强度的显著相关环境因素识别模型

为识别蓝藻水华强度的显著相关环境因素,克服现有研究中因变量选择不合理、时间与空间精度较低等问题,构建了以蓝藻水华强度等级为因变量,以水质、水文和气象3类监测指标为自变量的多元线性回归模型,并将该模型应用于太湖蓝藻水华研究.基于水华面积和集聚强度数据,用7级量表生成水华强度等级值,使因变量具有宏观性,避免了仅使用叶绿素a浓度等类似指标表示水华强度所体现出的微观性不足.该数据集的时间精度达到每天采样2次,空间精度则达到太湖湖湾内的某个水域空间范围.因此因变量具有适度宏观性,而自变量的值则与因变量的值在较高的时间和空间精度基础上严格对应.模型的分析结果显示,太湖大贡山水域蓝藻水华强度与气温和硝酸盐浓度呈显著正相关,与风速、湿度和电导率呈显著负相关.上述结论与该研究领域的主流结论一致,验证了该模型的有效性.     

微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞毒害效应的研究

主要探讨微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞的毒害效果,以及其作为水体生理毒害评价模式细胞的可能。通过毒性试验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,利用栗酒裂殖酵母细胞（S.pombe）,人肝癌细胞（HepG2）和人脑星形胶质母细胞癌细胞（U87）3种生物模型评估MC对细胞DNA的损伤以及对细胞内氧化自由基水平的影响。并利用栗酒裂殖酵母的基因缺失体,判断MC所诱导的酵母细胞氧化应激路径。研究表明MC通过氧化路径诱导DNA损伤;缺失wis1△和pap1△基因的S.pombe细胞无法诱导ROS生产,wis1△和pap1△缺失型S.pombe细胞在40 mg·L-1-1MC暴露24 h下细胞增殖率仅下降7.3%、7.7%;氧化损伤是MC损伤S.pombe的主要方式;HepG2细胞和U87细胞较S.pombe细胞适于研究、评估MC的毒性。     

基于谷胱甘肽结合作用定量研究微囊藻毒素的解毒代谢机制

基于谷胱甘肽(GSH)解毒作用探讨了微囊藻毒素-RR(MCRR)在不同动物肝脏和肾脏合作下的代谢机制。通过人工合成MCRR的谷胱甘肽代谢物(MCRR-GSH),腹腔注射至鲫鱼和大鼠体内,利用液相色谱串联质谱技术(LC-MS/MS)定量检测MCRR-GSH及其下游半胱氨酸代谢物(MCRR-Cys)在组织内的代谢动力学变化。在72 h的暴露实验中,实验组鲫鱼和大鼠体内均定量检测到MCRR-GSH和MCRR-Cys。MCRR-GSH在肾脏中的浓度显著高于其他组织(P0.05),鲫鱼和大鼠体内累积浓度分别是(0.161±0.001)和(0.116±0.005)μg·g~(-1)DW。同样的,MCRR-Cys主要分布于鲫鱼和大鼠的肾脏组织。鲫鱼肾脏中MCRR-Cys的浓度出现明显的波动,而肝脏和胆汁内的MCRR-Cys浓度却呈现出上升的趋势;大鼠肾脏内MCRR-Cys的浓度呈缓慢下降的趋势,浓度范围为(8.899±0.817)μg·g~(-1)DW至(3.336±0.263)μg·g~(-1)DW。基于以上结果推测,微囊藻毒素在肝脏和肾脏合作下的解毒过程为:MC在肝脏内经GSH结合作用生成的代谢物MC-GSH随血液循环转运至肾脏,在肾脏内MCGSH快速地转化为下游代谢物MC-Cys以促进排泄。     

微囊藻毒素去除技术研究进展

简述了微囊藻毒素的结构、性质,重点综述和分析了国内外微囊藻毒素去除的技术和方法,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

巢湖夏季和冬季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度研究

应用荧光定量PCR技术研究了巢湖夏季和冬季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布,分析了有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度与环境因子之间的关系,同时应用HPLC方法分析了水体中溶解性微囊藻毒素浓度.结果表明：巢湖有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度存在季节和空间差异.总的来说,夏季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度高于冬季,西湖区...     

Cloning and expression of the first gene for biodegrading microcystin LR by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a growing environmental problem worldwide in natural waters, the biodegradation is found to be the most efficient method for removing microcystins (MCs) produced by harmful cyanobacteria. Based on the isolation of a promising bacterial strain of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 for biodegrading MCs, we for the first time cloned and expressed a gene USTB-05-A (HM245411) that is responsible for the first step in the biodegradation of microcystin LR (MC-LR) in E. coli DH5αup, with a cloning vector of pGEM-T easy and an expression vector of pGEX-4T-1, respectively. The cell-free extracts (CE) of recombinant E. coli DH5αup containing USTB-05-A had high activity for biodegrading MC-LR. The initial MC-LR concentration of 40 mg/L was completely biodegraded within 1 hr in the presence of CE with a protein concentration of 0.35 mg/mL. Based on an analysis of the liquid chromatogram-mass spectrum (LC-MS), the enzyme encoded by gene USTB-05-A was found to be active in cleaving the target peptide bond between 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6, 8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-deca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda) and arginine of MC-LR, and converting cyclic MC-LR to linear MC-LR as a first product that is much less toxic than parent MC-LR, which offered direct evidence for the first step on the pathway of MC-LR biodegradation by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05.