城镇污水处理排放标准改革的费效分析

从费用效果角度对提高城镇污水处理排放标准的科学性和可实施性进行探讨,利用污染源普查数据,通过城镇污水治理投资和运行函数的构建,计算不同处理规模和排放标准下的污水处理投资和运行费用,在全国层面上计算提高污水处理排放标准所需费用和污染物的减排效果.研究表明：污水处理厂的投资和运行费用的增加随着污水处理规模的增加而递减.以污...     

Towards a capability approach of sustainability

Despite having a strong influence on development policies, theories of sustainability have not paid much attention to the capability approach (CA) thus far. Against this backdrop, the present paper argues for the CA’s usefulness of sustainability. In order to avoid just an additional contribution to the already confusing theoretical situation as well as to rely our exploration of the CA’s aptness for a conception of sustainability on a transparent and comparable basis, we will first identify six adequacy conditions for concepts of sustainability. We will then work out a categorial framework for conceptions of sustainability. Finally we will demonstrate how the CA is a promising candidate for filling in the demands of this framework and what further research will be needed.     

Carbon footprint of food - approaches from national input-output statistics and a LCA of a food portion

The aim of the study, on which this paper is based, was to provide guidance to consumers to make environmentally responsible choices in their food consumption, to assist food supply chain stakeholders to identify the key areas for environmental improvements, and to provide policy makers with a tool for monitoring the potential impacts on climate change resulting from developments within the food sector. At the macro level, the EIO-LCA model was developed specifically for the Finnish food chain; at the micro level, LCAs were performed on 30 lunch portions. The contribution of the Finnish food chain to climate change was 14%, which comprised 40% CO₂ emissions, 25% CH₄ emissions, and 34% N₂O emissions. The share of impacts from domestic agricultural processes was the highest, at 69%. The impact of a single lunch portion ranged between 0.65 and 3.80 kg of equivalent CO₂. According to the EIO-LCA model, the average impact was 7.7 kg CO₂ eq/person daily. The consumer phase accounted for between 8 and 47% of the climate change impacts for homemade portions. In ready-to-eat portions industry and retail phases were emphasized, representing 25-38% of climate change impacts. We present an approach to steer the Finnish food sector onto an environmentally sustainable path; practical tools for consumers and farmers will especially need to be developed further.     

焦化废水对蚕豆和大麦毒性的影响

以COD作为主要参照指标,研究了焦化废水在符合GB 13456-92<钢铁工业水污染物排放标准>焦化一级、二级排放标准限值要求时,对蚕豆和大麦幼根生长、根尖细胞遗传毒性的影响.结果表明:在实验周期内,焦化废水对蚕豆幼根根长、根重和有丝分裂指数的影响不大;对大麦幼根根重无明显影响,而对大麦根长和有丝分裂指数有促进作用.焦...     

Ru-Ta/Ti阳极电解深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用Ru-Ta/Ti三元电极为阳极,以不锈钢电极为阴极对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水进行了电解处理研究,以COD为控制指标.重点研究了电解电压、电解时间、pH值、曝气量、电解质的添加等因素对电解处理效果的影响.研究结果表明:电压为7 V、处理时间为30 min、pH=9、曝气量为0.04m3/h、添加电解质为MnⅡ的条件下电...     

预腐蚀LY12CZ铝合金的疲劳寿命预测模型

目的研究铝合金预腐蚀疲劳的寿命评估模型。方法利用损伤力学模型,建立预腐蚀构件疲劳寿命预测模型,并利用LY12CZ铝合金进行预腐蚀疲劳的验证性实验。结果利用损伤力学建立的模型所得到的预腐蚀铝合金试件的疲劳寿命与实验结果吻合程度良好。结论基于损伤力学的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳寿命预测模型合理有效。     

加速腐蚀当量加速关系研究方法综述

为了进一步研究当量加速关系,归纳了现有腐蚀损伤当量化的研究方法,详细介绍了基于电化学原理、物理参量和力学损伤的当量折算法,讨论了各种方法的优劣和所适用范围。基于电化学原理的当量加速关系研究方法适合用于制定飞机金属结构加速试验环境谱,以物理参量为基准的当量折算法适用于建立疲劳关键部位、腐蚀关键部位的涂层及金属基体等各种加速试验环境谱的当量加速关系,力学损伤对比法适合用于结构疲劳关键部位。最后得出针对不同材料、不同部位应该采用不同的当量加速关系的结论。     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与探讨研究

公众参与作为规划环境影响评价的重要组成部分,具有重要的作用和意义。公众参与可以提高规划环境影响评价的有效性、提高规划的合理性及环保性。结合规划环评的应用实例,归纳了规划环评公众参与的参与对象、参与形式等,指出目前规划环评公众参与在应用中存在公众参与对象局限、规定和程序不明确、公民环保意识差等问题,建议采用多种形式开展公众参与环评,同时建议相关部门制定法律条文等进一步明确公众参与环评的规定和程序,提高信息公开度和民众的环保意识。     

2013-2015年上海市霾污染事件潜在源区贡献分析

统计分析2013-2015年上海市每个月不同空气质量等级天数比重,根据HYSPLIT（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory）后向轨迹模型对3年内的12月份影响上海地区的污染气团进行了综合聚类分析和逐年聚类分析.在综合12次严重霾事件的后向轨迹基础上,结合上海实时公布的PM_2.5小时浓度资料,对潜在源贡献因子PSCF（Potential Source Contribution Function）和浓度权重轨迹CWT（Concentration-weighted Trajectory）进行分析与比较,研究重霾期间影响上海PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在源区及不同源区对PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献差异.结果显示,上海市3年期间12月份霾颗粒物外来源主要输送渠道为西北路径和北方路径,源自于西北方向的气团比重占总气团的50.4%,北方向的气团几乎都经过海洋后进入上海地区.影响上海地区PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在源区主要分布在安徽、江苏和山东地区,此外江西北部、浙江北部、河北南部及山西少部分地区也对重霾事件中的污染物颗粒有一定程度的贡献.     

栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基及人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率的影响

采用电子顺磁共振法研究了栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基含量的影响,并比较了不同自由基含量的香烟烟气冷凝物(CSC)对人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体的损伤情况.在香烟滤嘴中注入50μL0.2%的栘依树抗氧化剂溶液后,香烟烟气中气相、粒相自由基含量分别降低40.2%和28.3%,平均降低39.6%;中高剂量的实验烟(添加栘依树),与对照烟(不加栘依树)相比,人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率显著降低(t＞t0．05),其中中剂量烟降低幅度更大;低剂量实验烟与对照烟相比,姐妹染色单体交换率也有降低趋势,但差异不显著(t相似文献