平原地区复合土地利用系统中氮磷流失敏感区界定——以浙江大学华家池校区为例

为正确识别平原地区复合土地利用系统中氮磷流失敏感区,利用美国农业部水土保持局设计的水文模型中的CN值描述地表状况,反映不同土地利用条件下下垫面对土壤氮、磷流失的影响;运用等标污染负荷计算方法评估不同类型污染源强度;建立了复合土地利用系统中土壤氮、磷流失敏感区的综合指数评价体系.构建的氮、磷流失评价方法在浙江大学华家池校区的应用评价结果表明,氮磷流失敏感性高的区块主要为研究区内的居民区、畜牧场和一些施肥量大的种植区,而敏感性最低的区块集中在具有良好植被覆盖的绿化区.高的污染源和高的迁移因子叠加区构成了高的流失敏感区.     

基于MODIS数据的地表组分温度反演研究

组分温度的反演是当前定量遥感的一个难点。与众多的陆面温度遥感模型相比,成熟的组分温度遥感模型相对较少。通过对近地面热红外辐射能量的线性展开,建立了MODIS多波段植被、土壤组分温度反演模型。该模型将组分温度与地表温度定量联系起来,模型中所涉及到的参数充分考虑到研究区湿地环境的特点。在计算组分温度时,首先利用单窗算法得到的MODIS陆面温度反演模型计算地表温度,然后由所建立的组分温度模型计算植被、土壤温度。选用2005年10月31日的鄱阳湖地区MODIS数据试验,与实测的植被、土壤温度相比,反演的组分温度的误差在15~21℃;通过对模型参数的敏感性分析,表明该模型具有一定的稳定性。实践证明,该方法能够有效实现组分温度的分离,是一种组分温度反演的较好方法。     

Swidden agriculture in a protected area: the Matsigenka native communities of Manu National Park, Peru

In this study, we investigate whether traditional swidden agriculture on nutrient-poor tropical soils can sustainably support a growing indigenous population within Manu National Park, Peru. Based on interviews with 50 Matsigenka farmers, as well as GPS mapping and field visits, we established the location and size of all 124 swidden gardens cultivated in 2000 and 2001. Using a GIS-based soil map of Manu Park, we identify the total extent of potential arable land (1) throughout the park zones currently available for Matsigenka habitation, and (2) within the vicinity of the two study communities. Taking into account current per capita garden size, cultivation and fallow practices, we calculate the maximum human carrying capacity of swidden agriculture for (1) all available park zones and (2) the immediate vicinity of the two current communities. Even given the second, highly limited scenario, the sustainable human carrying capacity is estimated to be 2,138 individuals, which is far higher than the current population of about 420 people. Thus, arable land does not appear to be a limiting factor for the growth of the indigenous population in Manu Park at the current time. Other possible limiting factors for population growth are identified and discussed. We conclude that a conservation policy of population stabilization around the current settlements is viable in that it will not result in reduced resource availability over the next few decades, and that the challenge is to identify and mitigate the forces causing population fissioning and spread. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

喀斯特生态脆弱区的土地退化及生态重建 --以贵州省关岭县为例

我国西南喀斯特地区是世界上著名的脆弱生态区，土地退化严重，人地矛盾尖锐，区域发展可持续性差。对此区退化土地进行生态重建，是西部开发中十分紧迫的任务，本文以位于贵州喀斯特高原峡谷地带的关岭县为研究区，分析了喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱性的主要特点，土地退化的主要过程及生态，经济和社会系统驱动机制。在此基础上提出相应的生态重建对策，指出我国西南喀斯特地区可持续发展迫切需要外部的物质、技术，资金等投入扶持，而最终实现则需要立足于本地的生态重建和生态产业的良性发展。     

都市扩张与土地资源利用集约化：关于上海市城市发展模式的研究

随着我国经济的持续高速增长,人口向城市,尤其是大城市集中的趋势越来越明显,城市规模正在迅速膨胀。具体说来,主要体现在以下三个方面－城市占地面积的扩张;城市人口的膨胀;城市经济实力的增长。     

中国东南沿海地区耕地资源保护与可持续利用

我国东南沿海地区具有优越的地理区位和气候条件,加上地区开发历史悠久,已成为中国经济最发达的地区之一。然而,近十多年来,由于经济以超常规速度发展,第二,三产业的发展速度,第二,三产业的发展速度大幅度加快,人多地少的矛盾日益突出,导致耕地面积不断萎缩,耕地质量不断下降。利用率和产出率显著滑坡,滥占耕地,占而不用及闲置浪费的现象相当普遍。以浙江省乐清市为例,近年来耕地以平均每年１．２％的速率在减少,目前     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Abstract

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960's to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth: A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

Abstract

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment, particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth, urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city's feature, namely “the city of springs”.     

湘南红壤丘陵区农户经济行为对土地退化的影响分析——以祁东县紫云村为例

通过在湖南省祁东县紫云材进行的土地利用及农户经济行为调查,从土地状况、从业选择、农具、农田设施、耕作方式和效益等方面,分析了湘南红壤丘陵区农户社会经济行为对土地质量的影响。结果表明：紫云村农户重“品种”轻“土壤”,水田土壤有机质含量减少,理化性状变差,土壤自然肥力降低,旱地、林地粗放经营,质量退化。改变农户只重“品种”而忽视“土壤”的观念、提高耕地复种指数、建立合理的轮作体系和水土保持型高效集约持续的耕作制度、加强林业管理和经营、加大农业投入、搞好农田水利建设是防止本区土地退化和保证本区农业可持续发展的对策。     

最近10年鄱阳湖区土地利用格局的时空变化

利用1988和1998年4月份的TM遥感数据,采用最大似然法对翻阳湖区的土地利用进行机助分类。把研究区土地利用分成7种类型：林地、灌草坡、水体、湖滩洲地、耕地、城镇用地和裸地。采用空间叠加的方法得到研究区土地利用的转移短阵。结果显示,林地、水体、城镇的面积增加,灌草坡的面积减少。1998年耕地面积比1988年面积减少11．3％,湖滩洲地面积减少42．7％。对不同高程的土地利用变化分析表明,耕地、灌草坡的面积都有所减少;城镇的面积增加,林地的面积增加明显,尤其在丘陵山区。土地利用的变化受到自然和人文因子的双重影响。水体面积增加的主要因于是降水量的增大;林地、灌草坡的变化明显受到政策等因素的影响,湖滩洲地减少的主要原因是水位的升高。