华北地区沙尘天气垂直气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用CALIOP数据和SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式研究了2013~2016年华北地区8d沙尘天气气溶胶及其直接辐射强迫垂直分布特征,分析了气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对直接辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,气溶胶集中分布在地表及以上3km范围,其中纯净沙尘型和污染沙尘型气溶胶位于上层,污染大陆型气溶胶和烟雾位于下层.大气层顶、地表和大气层的日均气溶胶直接辐射强迫分别是-38.41~-88.44,-74.03~-225.86,9.06~137.42W/m².0~8km高度范围气溶胶直接辐射强迫是负值,且随着高度的增加绝对值逐渐减小.气溶胶垂直分布对大气层顶、地表和大气层的直接辐射强迫影响较小,但对直接辐射强迫垂直分布影响较大,由气溶胶廓线差异造成的同一高度层气溶胶直接辐射强迫最大差值能达到31.18W/m².气溶胶光学厚度和单次散射反照率对直接辐射强迫影响明显.消光能力相同时,吸收性气溶胶对短波太阳光的衰减作用大于散射性气溶胶,后向散射比例大的气溶胶大于后向散射比例小的气溶胶.     

秸秆还田方式对东北农田土壤NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

秸秆还田是有效利用资源、增加土壤有机质含量和培肥地力的有效措施,但也会影响土壤NH₃挥发和N₂O的排放.探索不同秸秆还田方式对NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的影响对于减少土壤氮素损失和保护生态环境具有重要意义.采用田间小区试验,利用Los Gatos Research（LGR）超便携NH₃分析仪和密闭式静态箱-气相色谱法探究不同秸秆还田方式下土壤NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的特征,试验设4个处理（覆盖还田,即表面覆盖玉米秸秆,0~20和20~40 cm土壤分层扰动后填回,记为JG0-0;常规还田,即秸秆与0~20 cm土壤混合,20~40 cm土壤扰动后填回,记为JG0-20;深还田,秸秆与20~40 cm土壤混合,0~20 cm土壤挖出后填回,记为JG20-40;对照处理,即无玉米秸秆还田,0~20和20~40 cm土壤分层扰动后填回,记为CK）.结果表明:①相比于CK,不同秸秆还田方式均显著降低了土壤NH₃挥发量,增加了土壤N₂O排放量.与CK相比,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下土壤NH₃累积排放量分别减少了12.38%、9.87%和5.73%;土壤N₂O累积排放量分别增加了30.19%、82.82%和36.53%,其中JG0-0和JG20-40处理之间无显著性差异.②JG20-40处理下玉米产量显著高于其他处理,比CK增加了23.15%,JG0-0处理下玉米产量高于CK和JG0-20处理,但并未达到显著水平.③对于NH₃和N₂O这两种气体的总累积排放量,各处理间均达到显著性差异.与CK相比,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下NH₃和N₂O总累积排放量分别增加了16.67%、52.08%和22.92%.④不同秸秆还田方式下的氮素气态损失率均高于CK,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下氮素气态损失率分别比CK增加了17.50%、52.50%和22.50%.因此,综合考虑土壤NH₃挥发量、N₂O排放量和玉米产量等因素,JG0-0处理优于JG20-40、JG0-20处理.      

2015～2018年太原市臭氧污染特征分析

基于太原市2015年1月~2019年2月的空气质量监测数据,分析了太原市近地面臭氧浓度变化特征。结果表明:2015~2018年太原市臭氧年平均浓度为78.42、82.33、95.87、103.77μg/m 3,臭氧浓度存在加速上升趋势;臭氧浓度逐日变化范围为5~270μg/m 3,共有181 d超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值(160μg/m 3),超标时段主要集中于5~8月份;臭氧浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,峰值与谷值时段分别为14∶00~16∶00和6∶00~7∶00;臭氧浓度有明显的月变化规律,峰值与谷值时段分别为6~7月和1月、12月;臭氧浓度还表现出显著的季节变化规律,按浓度高低依次排序为夏季、春季、秋季和冬季;臭氧浓度与NO 2、CO、PM 2.5浓度呈负相关性。     

黄河三角洲典型地区耕地土壤养分空间预测

掌握土壤养分的分布特点是实现养分优化管理的重要基础。论文选择黄河三角洲典型地区山东省垦利县为研究区,通过田间采样与实验室化验分析获取了1 278个样本（0~20 cm）的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾数据。在经典统计分析的基础上,用地统计学方法分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征,并拟合了养分的变异函数模型。利用普通克里格法（OK）、反距离权重法（IDW）、泛克里格法（UK）、径向基函数法（RBF）和局部多项式法（LP）5种方法进行空间插值,并采用独立数据集验证对插值结果进行精度评价,进而分析了各养分空间分布规律。为深入探索各方法的适用性规律,基于AN数据设计了离散、随机、聚集3种空间分布模式的数据,利用各模型的自动优化进行试验,对比分析了不同插值方法在土壤养分空间预测中的自适应性。结果表明：1）研究区碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均为中等强度的空间变异和中等程度的空间自相关,其变异函数模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型,决定系数依次为0.951、0.892和0.787;2）在空间分布上,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与地形和土地利用类型等有关,西南部地势较高,以水浇地和旱田为主,东北部沿黄农田受黄河淡水影响,耕地质量较好,而中部地区地势低平,以水田为主,养分含量偏低;3）相对于块金系数/基台值,Moran’s I是更为稳健有效的衡量土壤养分空间自相关性的方法;4）论文认为,空间分布模式、样本量、空间自相关性和空间聚集程度（最近邻比）均影响插值精度。在离散模式下,各方法自适应性均较差;在随机模式下,IDW与RBF自适应性优于OK和LP;在聚集模式下,各方法自适应性与样本量和空间自相关性有关,直至样本足够多时,4种插值方法精度接近。论文探明了研究区主要土壤养分的最佳插值预测方法,分析了土壤养分的变异特征和空间分布规律,为黄河三角洲典型地区耕地土壤养分利用管理和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。     

双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

一种模拟动力学边界条件的环境振动试验方法研究

目的提高环境振动试验的可靠性。方法以某典型钛合金蜂窝夹芯壁板试验件为例,提出一种模拟试验件动力学边界条件的试验方法,在试验件周围引入弹性连接件,再通过刚性转接工装与振动台台面连接,以试验件在试验安装状态下的共振频率及振型节线位置为优化目标,以弹性连接件的外形尺寸及厚度为优化变量,对弹性连接件进行优化设计,从而模拟试验件真实的动力学边界条件。结果弹性连接件的优化设计使得试验件在试验安装状态下前两阶共振频率与试验要求相差小于8%,而且振型节线位置与试验要求基本重合,达到了模拟试验件真实动力学边界条件的设计目标。结论对于壁板类试验件,在传统刚性夹具的基础上引入弹性连接件的试验方法,可以较好地模拟试验件真实动力学边界条件,提高环境振动试验的可靠性,并且这种方法对试验费用及试验周期影响较小,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

兰州地区大气臭氧时空变化及影响因素研究

本文采用OMI臭氧遥感数据,结合甲醛垂直柱浓度、气象数据以及经济数据,分析了2005~2015年兰州地区臭氧柱浓度时空变化格局,并探索了影响臭氧的新气象因子,总结达到臭氧污染的日照、气压等气象条件,确定影响臭氧柱浓度的主要人为源并确定其限域。结果表明:1)2005~2015年夏季柱浓度值最高,冬季、秋季次之,春季最低;夏季波动幅度最大,其余三季波动幅度较小且平稳。2)11年中,臭氧柱浓度具有较大的波动。2005年至2010年快速增长到最高值331.997 DU。2010年之后,臭氧柱浓度缓慢下降,2014年起有回升趋势。3)OMI遥感数据具有较高的可靠性,并根据AQI的线性关系划分了臭氧柱浓度的污染等级。结果指示了11年大气臭氧空间变化,2005~2009年5年间研究区全区空气质量一直处于良,2010年全区轻度污染,后两年污染逐渐减弱,2013~2015年全区恢复至良。4)根据兰州发展的趋势以及周边城市的关系,划分了兰州经济圈及功能区,并结合臭氧柱浓度空间分布图得出臭氧污染与经济特征的密切关系。5)正弦模型拟合后臭氧柱浓度变化趋势呈不明显的周期性,说明臭氧的人为来源贡献较大。6)创新探索影响臭氧污染的新气象因子(日照、气压等参数),并确定其重要人为源限域。     

Large-scale mercury variations in Lake Vänern (Sweden) 1974-98

Lake V?nern, the largest lake in Sweden, has been seriously contaminated with mercury during the 20th century. In the 1970's and 80's the direct load, mainly from a chlor-alkali industry in the area, of mercury was drastically reduced as a response to new legislation, from three to five tons down to between five and ten kg yr(-1). Large amounts of the disposed pollutant have accumulated in the sediments. The question posed in this work is now, is the effect of the drastic load reduction after more than two decades visible in the sediments? The question is relevant as large areas still are blacklisted for fishing, but also as a follow-up of a major remedy action. The lake also serves as a freshwater reservoir for even Sweden's second largest city. This work synthesises and compares data of mercury in the sediments from three major field programs, in 1974, 1984 and 1998. The interest is focused on both spatial heterogeneity and temporal trends. In 1974, the surface concentrations are significantly higher than in subsequent surveys. Significant differences are also found between 1984 and 1998. Significant spatial differences within the lake are found for respective year. The most contaminated area is located in the north, close to the major point source (a former chlor-alkali industry). This is also the area with the largest improvement, as a direct response to the reduction in load. Further from the outlet, the recovery is more affected by burial and transport processes out into the deeper basins.     

profiling areas of ground water contamination by pesticides in california: phase ii – evaluation and modification of a statistical model

A well sampling study was conducted to evaluate anempirical approach to classifying areasof land in California as vulnerable to ground watercontamination by pesticides (Troiano et al., 1994). Wells were sampled from sections of land that had noprevious detections of pesticideresidues. The sections had been classified into vulnerablesoil clusters or into a not-classified groupusing a procedure based on Principal Components Analysis(PCA). Grape, citrus, and olive growingareas of Fresno and Tulare Counties were targeted, areas wherepre-emergence herbicide residues hadbeen detected in well water. Overall, herbicide residues weredetected in 75 of 176 sampled wells, ahigh frequency of detection in relation to results fromprevious targeted well sampling studies. Sinceresidues were also detected in the not-classified group, theclassification procedure was modified usingan approach based on Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). Moresections were classified intovulnerable soil clusters with the CVA approach than with thePCA method. Data from two otherexplanatory variables, depth to ground water and amount ofpesticide used per section, were includedto illustrate how additional information can be incorporatedinto this approach of identifying vulnerable areas.