An Ecologically Destabilized Environment: Its Effect on Small-Mammal Populations

Characteristics of the small-mammal populations inhabiting forest biocenoses in the Middle Ural state reserves have been analyzed over in the period from 1987 to 2002. During this period, the habitats of these animals were considerably destabilized due to windfalls and fires. The environmental characteristics of animal microhabitats at different stages of environment destabilization have been described quantitatively. Changes in the long-term cycles of the population dynamics of the dominant forest vole species caused by the destabilizing factors have been found. Redistribution of species dominance with respect to abundance has been demonstrated.     

Long-Term Changes in the Fauna of Diurnal Lepidopterans (Lepidoptera,Diurna) in the Northern Taiga Subzone of the Western Russian Plain

In the diurnal lepidopteran fauna of the northern taiga subzone in the western Russian Plain, the species inhabiting primary biotopic complexes typical of this subzone currently account for slightly more than 60% of the total species richness and abundance. A large part of the fauna is represented by the species of more southern origin, whose expansion to the northern taiga was caused by anthropogenic transformation of landscapes between the 12th and 20th centuries and recent climate warming.     

Distribution of Zooplankton along the Longitudinal Profile of Two Disturbed Small Rivers of the Upper Volga Basin

The abundance and trophic structure of zooplankton along the longitudinal profile of two typical rivers in the Yaroslavl sector of the Volga region are determined by anthropogenic and zoogenic factors. The distribution of zooplankton under the influence of these factors is described by the concept of patch dynamics. The abundance of zooplankton reaches the highest values in the ameliorated upper reaches of rivers and in beaver ponds.     

Anthropogenic Transformation of Flora in the City of Astrakhan and Its Environs over the Past 100 Years

Trends in the anthropogenic transformation of flora in the city of Astrakhan and its environs over the past 100 years are discussed. In general, the process of flora synanthropization is observed, with natural aboriginal plant communities being replaced by anthropogenically altered communities.     

Paleoecology and dynamics of forest ecosystems in Central Evenkia during the past 2400 years

New data on the composition of surface assemblages of plant macroremains from soil and swamp samples have been obtained in the study of geomorphologically different localities in the middle reaches of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River. The results of paleocarpological analysis of forest soil sections supported by relevant palynological and geochronological data are presented. Natural changes of the forest cover over the past 2400 years and quantitative characteristics of the paleoclimate during each stage are described.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 3–10.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Koshkarova, Koshkarov.     

活性炭与炭黑混合电极的脱盐性能及相关工艺参数的优化

混合电极中各组分的质量比是影响膜电容去离子(membrane capacitive deionization, MCDI)系统脱盐性能的重要因素。重点研究了混合电极中活性材料(活性炭)、导电剂(炭黑)和粘结剂(聚四氟乙烯)3种组分的质量比对MCDI系统脱盐性能的影响,并优化了工艺参数。实验结果表明,在进水氯化钠质量浓度为0.4 g·L⁻¹时,控制活性炭、炭黑及聚四氟乙烯的质量比为8∶1∶1、运行电压为1.2 V,进水流速为4 mL·min⁻¹,MCDI系统具有较优异的脱盐性能,其吸附容量和脱盐速度分别为10.13 mg·g⁻¹和0.44 μmol·(cm²·min)⁻¹,电荷效率和单位能量脱盐量可分别达95.27%和8.23 μmol·J⁻¹;而且,增大进水中氯化钠浓度会进一步提升MCDI系统的吸附容量和脱盐速度,但其脱盐率会有所降低。吸附热力学和动力学拟合结果表明,此混合电极材料脱盐过程分别符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级动力学方程。     

Using a process-based model to understand dynamics of Chinese agricultural and water technology development from 8000 bc to 1911 ad

Advancements in technology are inextricably bound to our society and the natural environment. However, how the development process of a technology system interacts with both remains unclear. We propose a process model to understand the complex dynamics among technology, society, and the environment via seven interactive elements: technologies, actors, receiving bodies, natural contexts, social contexts, temporal–spatial contexts, and outcomes. The model was applied to agricultural and water technology development in China from 8000 bc to 1911 ad. Our findings show that these elements did not play equally important roles in different periods of the development in ancient China, with social contexts most dominating during the earlier periods and both social and environmental concerns arising towards the later periods. The proposed model, by identifying the elements in the technology development that should be strengthened, can act as an analysis device to assist in reconfiguring a more sustainable socio-technological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

珠三角地区大气PM_(2.5)理化特性季节规律与成因

基于珠三角大气超级站2013年8月至2014年3月PM2.5、PM2.5中主要水溶性无机离子组分及其重要气态前体物等参数的逐时在线监测结果,揭示当地大气PM2.5中二次无机组分与其气态前体物的相互作用,以及PM2.5理化特性与成因的季节差异。结果表明,观测期间,PM2.5、PM10的年平均质量浓度分别为64.2、105.1μg/m3,PM2.5在PM10中所占比例(PM2.5/PM10)平均为61.1%。SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4的年平均质量浓度分别为16.6、9.0、10.2μg/m3,3者之和(SNA)占PM2.5的比例(SNA/PM2.5)平均为55.8%,体现了二次转化对珠三角地区PM2.5污染的重要影响;不同季节,SNA/PM2.5为46.0%~64.3%,夏季最低,冬季最高,其中SO2-4、NH+4对PM2.5的贡献相对稳定,NO-3贡献的季节差异较大;秋、冬季各项观测参数浓度的日变化规律相对明显,夏季除HNO3和NH3外,多项观测参数在低浓度水平波动,日变化规律不明显;珠三角大气中具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐和硝酸盐,PM2.5中NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;本研究站点夏季的硫氧化率和氮氧化率均高于广州市,这充分体现了该站点的区域性特征。     

基于连通法的甲烷简化机理构筑研究

采用连通法,针对甲烷复杂反应机理,成功地进行了不同水平的机理简化研究。通过建立组分依赖关系的正规化Jacobian矩阵,精确地查明了燃烧组分之间的耦合关系,分别构造出仅包含重要化学路径的两个动力学简化模型,获得的简化机理分别包含227和138个反应,分别涉及39和26种组分。通过对层流预混火焰结构的模拟,所得简化机理和原详细反应动力学机理关于火焰结构的计算吻合很好,计算结果显示,两个简化机理具有较高的模拟精度。     

基于系统动力学的食品企业安全生产监管博弈研究

为了研究食品安全生产及监管的内在机理、影响因素及监管模式,采用演化博弈论方法建立了政府监管部门与食品企业之间的博弈模型,运用复制动态方程和系统动力学方法深入分析了食品安全生产中相关主体的决策选择。结果表明:食品企业在追求利益最大化的前提下须主动重视食品安全问题,食品企业的策略选择受安全生产投入成本、处罚成本和声誉收益的影响;政府监管部门的监管行为受监管成本、外部负效益及社会成本等多方因素的影响。因此,增大监管部门惩处力度、降低监管成本、完善社会公众监督机制、强化声誉效应是食品安全问题得以解决的有力保障。