松花江流域水资源-水污染联合调控方案动态模拟研究

为解决松花江流域水资源消耗与水污染物排放联合调控过程中系统复杂特征难以刻画和系统状态变化难以量化的问题,本文从流域污染物排放的源头即农业、工业、畜禽养殖业及生活(城镇和农村)4个方面展开研究,研究其水资源消耗量和水污染物排放量联合控制的特征和机理过程.通过构建二者的耦合关系,建立了松花江流域水资源-水污染联合控制动态模拟模型.通过对该模型进行验证及设计的4种情景方案的模拟对比,充分说明实施开源、节流、治污、减排的综合措施,才是松花江流域经济社会与水环境系统协调发展的最佳策略.同时结果也证明了本文所提出的联合调控动态模拟模型的合理性和可行性.本研究对于解决松花江流域的水资源优化管理、水污染减排和总量控制具有重要的意义,同时可为制定松花江流域经济发展策略提供参考.     

改性活性炭对废水中甲醛的吸附研究

通过浸渍-焙烧的方法制得铁改性活性炭,并将之应用于废水中甲醛的吸附.分别考察了吸附时间、初始溶液质量浓度、吸附剂投加量对改性活性炭吸附甲醛效果的影响,并研究了铁改性活性炭对甲醛水溶液的等温吸附及动力学.结果表明:在25℃、活性炭投加量为10 g/L、吸附时间为360 min时,铁改性活性炭对甲醛的去除率为91.8％;用准一级、准二级及内扩散动力学模型拟合吸附过程,准二级动力学模型符合该吸附过程;用Langmuir和Freundlich模型描述等温吸附过程,该吸附过程服从Langmuir模型,饱和吸附量为3.396 7mg/g.     

企业员工个体安全行为的人类动力学实证研究

对员工不安全行为的定量分析是理解安全生产事故复杂系统的基础.班组或群体的集体行为往往表现为复杂有序,具有一定的稳定性和适应性;而个体行为尽管有企业制度和纪律的约束,却仍有很大的随机性.为了探究企业员工不安全行为的动力学规律,跟踪观察某大型企业作业员工930 d,将员工相继不安全行为的发生看作排队理论中具有特定时间序列的随机过程.结果表明,就员工个体而言,其不安全行为的间隔时间分布可以用幂律函数近似描述,且幂指数和员工的活跃程度正相关;并进一步分析出企业员工相继不安全行为具有以艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线为特点的“阵发”性;从幂指数角度分析了员工日常作业中的不安全行为的优劣特点,比较了人类活动中的各种随机行为与员工在企业生产中的不安全行为在时间统计上的特性.这表明企业制定安全管理制度及实施安全培训工作都应从人类普遍问题和员工个体特点两方面入手.     

毒死蜱在香蕉、土壤中的残留动态及安全性评价

为了监测香蕉中毒死蜱的残留量,科学、安全地使用毒死蜱防治香蕉上的害虫,确保产品质量,采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究了毒死蜱在香蕉及其土壤中的残留降解动态.结果表明:在香蕉中,毒死蜱的原始沉积量较高,残留降解规律符合一级动力学关系,推荐剂量和加倍剂量处理的降解动态方程分别为y=1.0724e-014149t和y=1.7840e-0.1468t,半衰期(T1/2)为4.8 d,降解99％所需要的时间(T0.99)为31.4～31.8d;在土壤中,毒死蜱的残留降解动态方程为y=6.4365e-1412t,T1/2为4.9d,T0.99为32.7 d.距第2次施药后60～68d,最终在香蕉与土壤中均未检出毒死蜱残留量(检出限为0.005mg/kg).研究表明,漳州蕉区在香蕉生产上科学、合理地施用毒死蜱,其最终残留符合NY/T 750-2011规定的MRL要求,不会对蕉园土壤环境造成污染.     

Co(Ⅱ)在磁性埃洛石上的吸附行为研究

采用化学共沉淀法成功制备了磁性埃洛石,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)等手段详细表征了改性前后埃洛石的结构和形态,并采用静态批量平衡法对Co(Ⅱ)在磁性埃洛石上的吸附行为和机理进行探究,考察了料液比、平衡时间、p H值和温度等因素对吸附的影响.实验结果表明:温度为50℃时,Co(Ⅱ)在磁性埃洛石上的最大吸附容量为17.5mg·g-1.p H7.5时,随着p H增加,吸附量增大;当p H=7.5时,吸附量达到最大;以后即使p H增大,吸附量也不会明显变化.动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程;热力学过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线;升高温度利于Co(Ⅱ)在磁性埃洛石上吸附.     

絮凝动力学的现状与研究方法进展

在絮凝动力学的发展中先后提出了Smoluchowski理论、Camp-Stein理论和微涡旋理论,但迄今尚存在若干不足,特别是还不能全面揭示湍流絮凝的致因,也未能得到符合实际的湍流絮凝速度方程,严重影响了水处理絮凝工艺与设备的设计及放大.近年来,粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)和计算流体力学(CFD)的发展为深入研究絮凝动力学提供了新的手段和方法,有望使湍流絮凝动力学得到进一步发展.     

Analysis of gas dispersion and ventilation within a comprehensive CAD model of an offshore platform via computational fluid dynamics

Maintaining an adequate air flow with a desired air quality that is free from hazardous gases is among the most important actions taken toward the improvement of safety in any process plant. Due to the increased focus on the consequences of existing hazardous material on safety, health, and the environment, air quality and sufficient ventilation within a plant has been increasingly considered in the design stage. This paper investigates and analyzes methane and hydrogen sulfite dispersion and the effect of air ventilation within a CAD model of an offshore platform using computation fluids dynamics (CFD). In addition, this method and its principals could be utilized in any other hazardous environment. Simulations of possible hazardous events along with solutions for preventing or reducing their probability are presented to better assess the data. These investigations are performed by considering hypothetical hazardous scenarios which consist of gas leakages from pipes and process equipment under different conditions. After drafting a precise and highly detailed CAD model of the plant and performing CFD simulations on this model, the results of gas behaviors, dispersion, distribution, accumulation, and its possible hazards are investigated and analyzed. The larger amount of details of the actual plant model in CFD simulation are obtained by using a combination of different methods and software. These include PDMS for 3-D drawing of the plan, Rinoceros for geometrical integration of the process equipment and facilities, and Sharc Harpoon which meshes the model. Moreover, the probability of inducing ignitable or toxic concentration of gases within the atmosphere and air ventilation of the unit is considered by these investigations.     

Experimental data and CFD performance for cloud dispersion analysis: The USP-UPC project

Forecasting the behaviour of a flammable or toxic cloud is a critical challenge in quantitative risk analysis. Recent literature shows that empirical and integral models are unable to model complex dispersion scenarios, like those occurring in semi-confined spaces or with the presence of physical barriers. Although CFD simulators are promising tools in this regard, they still need to be fully validated with comprehensive datasets coming from experimental campaigns designed ad-hoc. In this paper, we present an experimental campaign carried out by a joint venture between University of São Paulo and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya to investigate CFD tools performance when used to analyse clouds dispersion. The experiments consisted on propane cloud dispersion field tests (unobstructed and with the presence of a fence obstructing the flow) of releases up to 0.5 kg s⁻¹ of 40 s of duration in a discharge area of 700 m². We provide a full 1-s averaged propane concentration evolution dataset of two experiments, extracted from 29 points located at different positions within the cloud, with which we have tested FLACS^® CFD-software performance. FLACS reproduces successfully the presence of complex geometry, showing realistic concentration decreases due to cloud dispersion obstruction by the existence of a fence. However, simulated clouds have not represented the whole complex accumulation dynamics due to wind variation.     

Numerical modeling of water spray suppression of conveyor belt fires in a large-scale tunnel

Conveyor belt fires in an underground mine pose a serious life threat to miners. Water sprinkler systems are usually used to extinguish underground conveyor belt fires, but because of the complex interaction between conveyor belt fires and mine ventilation airflow, more effective engineering designs are needed for the installation of water sprinkler systems. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the interaction between the ventilation airflow, the belt flame spread, and the water spray system in a mine entry. The CFD model was calibrated using test results from a large-scale conveyor belt fire suppression experiment. Simulations were conducted using the calibrated CFD model to investigate the effects of sprinkler location, water flow rate, and sprinkler activation temperature on the suppression of conveyor belt fires. The sprinkler location and the activation temperature were found to have a major effect on the suppression of the belt fire, while the water flow rate had a minor effect.     

环境作用动力学基础及应用

目的优化原有的环境作用动力学理论模型。方法在原有环境作用动力学理论模型的基础上,提出环境适应性、环境响应性、变化重复性等3个概念,修改蠕变动力学理论模型的假设2。结果形成了由8个定义、2个假设组成的更加完善的环境作用动力学理论模型。结论新的环境作用动力学理论模型涵盖了蠕变动力学理论模型和原有的环境作用动力学理论模型,应用范围得到大大扩展。