茚虫威在土壤中的消解动态研究

茚虫威是一种广谱高效的氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,低毒低残留。采用气相色谱法对茚虫威在土壤中的残留进行分析,采用田间试验方法研究了茚虫威在土壤中的消解动态。结果表明,茚虫威在土壤中消解较快,其残留消解动态曲线符合化学反应一级动力学方程,在土壤中的半衰期为7.6天。说明茚虫威使用后在环境(土壤)中可以较快地消解,从而可以较好地保障生产安全。     

不同16SrDNA靶序列对DGGE分析活性污泥群落的影响

为探讨不同通用引物扩增16S rDNA靶序列对活性污泥微生物群落分析的影响,更合理的利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析活性污泥样品.从连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)中获取活性污泥,以3对通用引物341f/534r、968f/1 401r和341f/926r扩增16S rDNA序列,用DGGE分离PCR扩增产物.研究表明采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落多样性和动态存在显著的差异.341f/534r和968f/1 401r的靶序列分离效果较好,341f/926r的靶序列分离效果较差.引物341f/534r和341f/926r DGGE图谱显示S2和S3相似性高,引物968f/1 401r DGGE图谱显示S1和S2相似性高.由此可见采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落结构之间的相似性和动态是不一致的.341f/534r的DGGE图谱中条带丰富,多样性最好,968f/1 401r的DGGE图谱次之,341f/926r DGGE图谱条带最少,多样性也较差.因此,在利用DGGE分析活性污泥样品时采用引物341f/534r和968f/1 401r是比较适宜的.     

Individual-based modelling of fishermen search behaviour with neural networks and reinforcement learning

A model to mimic the search behaviour of fishermen is built with two neural networks to cope with two separate decision-making processes in fishing activities. One neural network deals with decisions to stay or move to new fishing grounds and the other is constructed for the purpose of finding prey within the fishing areas. Some similarities with the behaviour of real fishermen are found: concentrated local search once a prey has been located to increase the probability of remaining near a prey patch and the straightforward movement to other fishing grounds. The artificial fisherman prefers areas near the port when conditions in different fishing grounds are similar or when there is high uncertainty in its world. In the latter case a reluctance to navigate to other areas is observed. The artificial fisherman selects areas with higher concentration of prey, even if they are far from the port of departure, unless a high uncertainty is related to the fishing ground. Connected areas are preferred and followed in orderly fashion if a higher catch is expected. The observed behaviour of the artificial fisherman in uncertain scenarios can be described as a risk-averse attitude. The approach seems appropriate for an individual-based modelling of fishery systems, focusing on the learning and adaptive characteristics of fishermen and on interactions that take place at a fine scale.     

Concentrations of long-lived artificial radionuclides in the moss-lichen cover of mountain plant communities

Specific features of⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs accumulation in individual lichen species and in the moss-lichen cover of plant communities were studied in some mountain ranges of the Polar and Northern Urals. The results showed that the amounts of radionuclides in lichens and mosses of mountain plant communities are at the level characteristic of the moss-lichen cover of flat ecosystems, and their accumulation depends on⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs input with the global radioactive fallout. The radionuclide contents in lichens and mosses sampled from different mountain rocks, slopes, and elevations fluctuate around this level. The differences depend both on the structural and functional properties of plants and on the climatic and ecological features of their environment.     

An alternative CFD tool for gas dispersion modelling of heavy gas

The numerical simulation of gas dispersion is of great importance in various areas of engineering such as optimisation, synthesis of chemical process, petroleum industry and process safety. The OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) code is a free and open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. The current research is focused on the development and customisation of a computational tool for handling gas dispersion of heavy gases, such a LNG and CO₂. The novel CFD tool relies on OpenFOAM framework. The core of the work is based on the OpenFOAM solver rhoReactingBuoyantFoam to handle gas dispersion. A series of CFD simulations has been performed for methane and CO₂. The source term of the former is modelled by HSM (Hybrid Switch Model). The model comprises contribution from HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) approach, frozen model and non-equilibrium model for CO₂ leak. The novel approach switches between equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions based on the meta-stable parameter on the grounds of thermodynamics and experimental observations. Good agreement with experimental data is observed. Numerical findings for methane leakage from the proposed CFD tool are compared with experimental data and FLACS. Good agreement is observed.     

Pollution Control Policies and Natural Resource Dynamics: A Theoretical Analysis

Policies for the management of natural resources and the resources themselves interact to form complex systems. In this paper, we present a highly simplified model that can be used to study the general features of those systems. The model has three state variables, the abundance of the resource, environmental pollution, and the capital devoted to pollution control. We analyse it graphically using the singular perturbation approach. Two modes of behavior are possible; stationary and cyclic. When the abundance of the resources varies cyclically, the length of the period of resource scarcity depends on population size, economic activity, pollution per unit of output, and policy constraints. We distinguish between two classes of policies, one in which decision-makers base their investments in pollution control capital on the abundance of the resource, and another in which those decisions depend on the amount of pollution. We show that policies based on the observation of pollution are safer than those based on resource abundance, because in the latter case, small changes in policy variables can lead much more easily to a collapse of the resource. Increases in population size, even when accompanied by an equiproportional increase in the pollution control budget can lead to a change from stationary to cyclic behavior, especially where policies are based on resource abundance.     

三峡工程与长江中游浅层承压水动态

三峡水库正常运行后,坝下枯季下泄流量增加,将使荆江水位比建坝前抬高１－２ｍ。由于长江与两侧浅层承压水有着十分密切的联系。长江枯季水位升高将阻滞两岸地下水向长江排泄,从而使两岸承压水位相对抬高。观测研究表明,长江对承压水动态的影响程度随距离的增加而减弱,二者成分段线性反比的关系。在龙口观测剖面,如长江水位升高１ｍ,则在距离为０－１ｋｍ地段,承压水位将抬高１－０．２ｍ;在１－４ｋｍ地段,抬高０．２５－     

An optimized airfoil geometry for vertical-axis wind turbine applications

ABSTRACT

In this work, a new airfoil shape optimized for vertical-axis wind turbine applications is proposed. Different airfoil shapes have been analyzed with JavaFoil, a panel method software. Then, the results from the analysis have been used to optimize the performance of the new airfoil shape. Afterward, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the proposed airfoil, UO-17-LDA, are run for different angles of attack to provide insight into the flow field and the mechanisms related to this increase in performance. The UO-17-LDA airfoil presents a high lift-to-drag ratio and a delayed stall angle with respect to the original FX-63-137 airfoil, making it suitable for vertical-axis wind turbine applications. This increase in performance has been verified by comparing two VAWT designs with the original and the proposed airfoil using a double-multiple streamtube model. Finally, the practicality of JavaFoil for the comparison of different airfoil geometries has been verified, as it is capable of obtaining results for a wide number of flow conditions in small computational times and with a user-friendly interface. Nevertheless, the results diverge from the actual solution for high angles of attack (beyond stall). Hence, the time and effort required to perform CFD simulations is justified to gain insight into the actual behavior of a particular airfoil, as well as to obtain a richer analysis of the flow field and the mechanisms related to the airfoil performance.