Land Management in the American Southwest: A State-and-Transition Approach to Ecosystem Complexity

State-and-transition models are increasingly being used to guide rangeland management. These models provide a relatively simple, management-oriented way to classify land condition (state) and to describe the factors that might cause a shift to another state (a transition). There are many formulations of state-and-transition models in the literature. The version we endorse does not adhere to any particular generalities about ecosystem dynamics, but it includes consideration of several kinds of dynamics and management response to them. In contrast to previous uses of state-and-transition models, we propose that models can, at present, be most effectively used to specify and qualitatively compare the relative benefits and potential risks of different management actions (e.g., fire and grazing) and other factors (e.g., invasive species and climate change) on specified areas of land. High spatial and temporal variability and complex interactions preclude the meaningful use of general quantitative models. Forecasts can be made on a case-by-case basis by interpreting qualitative and quantitative indicators, historical data, and spatially structured monitoring data based on conceptual models. We illustrate how science- based conceptual models are created using several rangeland examples that vary in complexity. In doing so, we illustrate the implications of designating plant communities and states in models, accounting for varying scales of pattern in vegetation and soils, interpreting the presence of plant communities on different soils and dealing with our uncertainty about how those communities were assembled and how they will change in the future. We conclude with observations about how models have helped to improve management decision-making.     

Women and community water supply programmes: An analysis from a socio-cultural perspective

Community water supply programmes are seen as instrumental in achieving the goal of ‘safe’ water for all. Women, a principal target group of these programmes, are to be benefited with greater convenience, enhanced socio‐cultural opportunities and better health for themselves and their families, provided through improved water facilities. Water supply programmes largely consist of three essential components, namely: technology, people and institutions. Although such programmes are intended to benefit women members of local communities, scant attention is paid to the impacts of the socio‐cultural context of the community on these programmes. This article explores the influence of social and cultural intricacies on the implementation of community water supply programmes, and assesses their effectiveness. The article offers important lessons for the design and implementation of this type of programme. It concludes that the local socio‐cultural context sets the stage for programme implementation, being a dynamic factor that determines actual access to water sources, more so than mere physical availability, which is often used as a criterion for programme performance. The article stresses the urgent need to integrate socio‐cultural factors as a fourth dimension in designing community water supply programmes, and suggests practical measures for enhancing the effectiveness of such programmes.     

Environmental Control and Limnological Impacts of a Large Recurrent Spring Bloom in Lake Washington,USA

A series of statistical analyses were used to identify temporal and spatial patterns in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of Lake Washington, an mesotrophic lake in Washington State (USA). These analyses were based on fortnightly or monthly samples of water temperature, Secchi transparency, ammonium (NH₄), nitrate (NO₃), inorganic phosphorus (IP), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and chlorophyll a (chl a) collected during 1995–2000 from 12 stations. Lake Washington has a very consistent and pronounced annual spring diatom bloom which occurs from March to May. During this bloom, epilimnetic chl a concentrations peak on average at 10 μg/L, which is 3 times higher than chl a concentrations typically seen during summer stratified conditions. The spring bloom on average comprised 62% diatoms, 21% chlorophytes and 8% cyanobacteria. During summer stratification, diatoms comprised 26% of the phytoplankton community, chlorophytes 37% and cyanobacteria 25%. Cryptophytes comprised approximately 8% of the community throughout the year. Overall, 6 phytoplankton genera (i.e., Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Cryptomonas, Asterionella, Stephanodiscus, and Ankistrodesmus) cumulatively accounted for over 50% of the community. These analyses also suggest that the phytoplankton community strongly influences the seasonality of NO₃, IP, DO, pH and water clarity. According to a MANOVA, seasonal fluctuations explained 40% of the total variability for the major parameters, spatial heterogeneity explained 10% of variability, and the seasonal-spatial interaction explained 10% of variability. Distinctive patterns were identified between offshore and inshore sampling stations. The results of our analyses also suggest that spatial variability was substantial, but much smaller than temporal variability.     

赣中南柑橘果实生长发育规律与栽培技术关系

通过果实体积的累积生长量,日均生长速度和相对生长速率三个指标的测定。可得到各类果实生长的“Ｓ”形曲线。生长呈三个时期,第一期为细胞分裂期,这个时期,生长速度较慢,而相对生长速率最高,是是实生长能力最高阶段;第二期为细胞膨大期,生长速度最快时期,而相对生长速率则呈下降趋势;第三期为成熟期,日均生长速度和相对生长速率都是低速和稳定时期。主要内部生理变化,柑橘各类果 个指标各异,此外,果实生长过程中,有     

浙江省灾害预防与经济协调发展的系统动态学模型

本文运用系统工程原理和系统动态学方法,构造了浙江省灾害预防与社会经济协调发展的系统动态学模型,并运用该模型对浙江省进行了初步的仿真研究,以寻求适宜的防灾政策。     

SENSITIVITY OF A PRAIRIE WETLAND TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: We assessed the potential effects of increased temperature and changes in amount and seasonal timing of precipitation on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland in North Dakota using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. Simulations were run with increased temperatures of 2°C combined with a 10 percent increase or decrease in total growing season precipitation. Changes in precipitation were applied either evenly across all months or to individual seasons (spring, summer, or fall). The response of semi-permanent wetland P1 was relatively similar under most of the seasonal scenarios. A 10 percent increase in total growing season precipitation applied to summer months only, to fall months only, and over all months produced lower water levels compared to those resulting from the current climate due to increased evapotranspiration. Wetland hydrology was most affected by changes in spring precipitation and runoff. Vegetation response was relatively consistent across scenarios. Seven of the eight seasonal scenarios produced drier conditions with no open water and greater vegetation cover compared to those resulting from the current climate. Only when spring precipitation increased did the wetland maintain an extensive open water area (49 percent). Potential changes in climate that affect spring runoff, such as changes to spring precipitation and snow melt, may have the greatest impact on prairie wetland hydrology and vegetation. In addition, relatively small changes in water level during dry years may affect the period of time the wetland contains open water. Emergent vegetation, once it is established, can survive under drier conditions due to its ability to persist in shallow water with fluctuating levels. The model's sensitivity to changes in temperature and seasonal precipitation patterns accentuates the need for accurate regional climate change projections from general circulation models.     

除草剂氟磺胺草醚农田残留动态研究

为防止氟磺胺草醚污染农业生态环境，进行了该农药在土壤及花生，大豆上的残留动态试验研究。结果表明，氟磺胺草醚在土壤中的半衰期为１２－１８ｄ。生长后期，在植株及花生仁，大豆中均未检出残留，食用安全；提出了在这两种作物上合理使用氟磺胺草醚的准则建议。     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3 种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的地表N2O 通量进行了 1 年的原位观测和研究.结果表明,3 种林型地表 N2O 通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林;不同林型间的 N2O 通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,C/N 比值较低的季风林凋落叶对土壤中产生N2O 的微生物过程有较为明显的促进作用;从全年来看,松林地表N2O 通量的季节变化不明显,而季风林和混交林的地表 N2O 通量在雨季存在明显的降雨驱动效应,统计分析显示在该地区影响森林地表N2O 通量的主要因子是土壤湿度.     

建筑风载数值模拟的影响因素

通过对建筑物周围风场的计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟计算与原型试验结果的比较,分析了在应用CFD计算时应该考虑的计算区域、进口边界条件、湍流模型和网格划分等各种相关因素对CFD数值模拟结果准确度的影响.结果表明,在各种影响因素中,计算区域影响相对较小,而进口边界条件、网格划分和湍流模型的影响相对较大;而且进口边界条件中速度分布对计算结果的影响大于湍流强度分布对计算结果的影响,是进口边界条件中的关键部分.同时,根据上述比较,建议在网格划分中,对几何外形简单的单个建筑的数值模拟计算,优先采用结构化网格划分方法;对于湍流模型的选择,一般的工程应用中,建议在初步设计阶段选择RNGκ-ε湍流模型,而在最终设计阶段采用雷诺应力模型.     

水力空化-Fenton氧化联合超声吸附处理煤气化废水

采用水力空化-Fenton氧化联合超声吸附处理煤气化废水,考察了单独Fenton氧化及单独水力空化工艺条件,并对Fenton氧化、水力空化和水力空化-Fenton氧化工艺处理过程进行了动力学初探。实验结果表明:在反应时间60 min、废水pH 3.0、Fe~(2+)加入量900 mg/L、H_2O_2加入量3 600 mg/L、空化压力0.4 MPa的条件下,水力空化-Fenton处理煤气化含酚废水的COD和苯酚去除率分别为93.05%和90.29%;进一步采用超声吸附处理后,出水COD和苯酚质量浓度分别为92.9 mg/L和4.5 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级指标。