Assessing the Leakage Rates from Punctured Submerged Vessels

The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure, P^*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D^*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P^* and approaches a constant value at high P^* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area.     

Modulation of predator-prey interactions by the Allee effect

An Allee effect arising from density-dependent mating success can have significant impacts at the ecosystem level when considered in the context of predator-prey interactions. These are captured by a mathematical model for the exchange of biomass between a structured predator population (continuous weight distribution) and a resource. Because the predator’s mating success affects the amount of resources required for the production of offsprings and their future growth into mature organisms, it influences the flux of biomass between trophic levels. Under simple assumptions, the equations can be reduced to an equivalent unstructured predator-prey model in which the Allee effect modulates the predation rate: the mating probability multiplies the rate of predator growth as well as the rate of resource depletion. Implications of the Allee effect for the bifurcation structure and equilibrium densities are examined. The model is compared to a modified version in which the Allee effect instead modulates the assimilation efficiency, hence the mating probability does not appear in the dynamical equation for the resource density. Both models exhibit qualitatively similar dynamics. However, compared to the model in which the Allee effect modulates predation, the model in which the Allee effect modulates assimilation efficiency predicts (i) unrealistically inefficient resource assimilation when predator density is low, (ii) a higher risk of catastrophic extinction resulting from a change in the parameter controlling the strength of the Allee effect, and (iii) no possibility of an increase in population size when the density dependence is enhanced.     

大别山五针松种群结构及动态研究

大别山五针松(Pinus dabeshanensis)是大别山区特有种,最大种群分布于安徽省岳西县大王沟。采用空间序列代替时间的方法分析种群结构,编制种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,并用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析;同时结合谱分析方法,分析了大别山五针松种群数量的动态变化。结果表明:大别山五针松种群数量少,结构存在波动性。幼苗阶段个体较丰富,幼树阶段个体较少,种群趋于衰退。种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第5龄级出现峰值。4个生存函数曲线表明,大别山五针松具有前期快速减少、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。谱分析显示,大别山五针松种群动态除受基波影响外,还具有明显的小周期波动,谐波A3和A4处的周期波动与个体生长有关。     

药渣与煤共热解动力学模型及逸出气红外特性分析

利用TG-FTIR对红霉素药渣、烟煤及共热解过程及热解产物进行分析,研究了添加药渣对烟煤热解过程的影响。在40种固相反应机制函数中,采用Freeman-Carroll积分法推断药渣、烟煤单独热解及共热解过程的最佳反应机理函数,结果显示,药渣单独热解及共热解过程符合Avrami-Erofeev方程(n=4)模型,而烟煤的3个热解阶段分别符合反Jander方程、Avrami-Erofeev方程(n=4)、Jander方程三维扩散(n=2)模型;对共热解lnA与E分析,表明共热解过程存在动力学补偿效应。对共热解逸出气的红外分析表明:药渣单独热解及共热解过程除CO2、CO气体逸出外,还有部分醛类、酮类、羧酸类、酯类等小分子物质逸出,而烟煤单独热解气体主要成分为CO2、CO和CH4;药渣的添加使可燃气体逸出增多,有利于热解气溢出到燃烧后期燃烧室的预混燃烧,扩散混合条件大大改善。     

Sustained dynamic transience in a Lotka-Volterra competition model system for grassland species

Theoretical approaches, such as the Lotka-Volterra framework, enable predictions about long term species coexistence based on stability criteria, but generally assume temporal constancy of system equations and parameters. In real world systems, temporal variability may interfere with the attainment of stable states. Managed grassland ecosystems in Northwestern Europe experience structural periodic fluctuations in environmental conditions: the seasons. In addition, periodic disturbances such as cutting are very common. Here we show, using a Lotka-Volterra system applied to grassland species with empirically derived parameters, that seasonal variability can result in a time dependent equilibrium and redirection of displacement processes.Parameter estimates differed between species and - in most cases - between the seasons. As a result, five of the fifteen tested species combinations had different outcomes of species interactions between seasons. This indicates that systems remain in dynamic transience over the year as the equilibrium changes and the species composition of the system follows the equilibrium without ever attaining it. The non-attainment of the steady state enables coexistence of species even if there is competitive exclusion in one of the seasons. For three of the fifteen species combinations, cutting frequency affected the long-term coexistence patterns. Cutting resets the biomass of competing species and favours during regrowth those species that have a high growth rate, which can alter species coexistence in comparison to a Lotka-Volterra model without cutting. The Lotka-Volterra framework with seasonally changing empirical parameters predicts coexistence as a possible outcome of systems that in component seasons are characterised by exclusion, and vice versa.     

苏州工业园区不同生境鸟类群落结构及季节动态

2012年5月至2013年4月,在苏州工业园区选择了4种生境,设置了17条样线、24个样点,逐月对鸟类群落进行了研究。共记录到鸟类130种,隶属12目41科,雀形目鸟类占主要地位,其中留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟分别占鸟类总种数的26.15%、25.38%、27.69%和20.77%。区系以广布种和古北界种类为主,兼有东洋界种类,具有南北过渡的明显特征。从季节动态变化上看,园区鸟种数由多到少表现为春季冬季秋季夏季;密度由高到低表现为冬季秋季春季夏季。湿地生境鸟类种数最多,分布均匀;道路生境鸟类种数最少,分布不均,但优势种突出,以常见的伴人雀形目鸟类为主。聚类结果显示,环境条件是影响鸟类组成的重要因素。     

闽南山区连续年龄序列桉树人工林土壤养分动态

对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、6 a)的尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophyllaxE.grandis)人工林土壤有机碳及氮、磷、钾含量进行了分析,以评价土壤养分随林分年龄的变化动态.土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷均表现出随林分年龄增加而增加,到4 a生时达到最大,随后则呈下降趋势,6 a生时下降到最低值.速效钾含量则随林分年龄增加逐步下降,6 a生林分0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm这3个土层速效钾含量分别比2 a生下降了53.2%、44.4%和55.2%;土壤全钾含量也表现出一定的下降趋势.所有年龄林分的土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤伞钾则表现出相反的趋势.因此,在桉树人工林经营过程中,应定期增施钾肥,适时施用有机肥及氮、磷肥,以控制地力衰退.图4表2参24     

Evolutionary diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics of a spatial game

In this paper, the evolution of cooperation is studied by a spatially structured evolutionary game model in which the players are located on a two-dimensional square lattice. Each player can choose one of the following strategies: “always defect” (ALLD), “tit-for-tat” (TFT), and “always cooperate” (ALLC). Players merely interact with four immediate neighbors at first and adjust strategies according to their rewards. First, the evolutionary dynamics of the three strategies in non-spatial population is investigated, and the results indicate that cooperation is not favored in most settings without spatial structure. Next, an analytical method, which is based on comparing the local payoff structures, is introduced for the spatial game model. Using the conditions derived from the method as criteria, the parameter plane for two major parameters of the spatial game model is divided and nine representative regions are identified. In each parameter region, a distinct spatiotemporal dynamics is characterized. The spatiotemporal dynamics not only verify that the spatial structure promote the evolution of cooperation but also reveal how cooperation is favored. Our results show that spatial structure is the keystone of the evolution of intraspecific diversity.     

Dissecting the drivers of population cycles: Interactions between parasites and mountain hare demography

There is a growing awareness that cyclic population dynamics in vertebrate species are driven by a complex set of interactions rather than a single causal factor. While theory suggests that direct host-parasite interactions may destabilise population dynamics, the interaction between host and parasite may also influence population dynamics through indirect effects that result in delayed responses to either density or to life-history traits. Using empirical data on mountain hares (Lepus timidus) infected with a nematode parasite (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis), we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that incorporated direct effects and delayed life-history effects (DLHEs) of a macroparasite, alternative transmission mechanisms and seasonality in host population dynamics. The full model describes mean characteristics of observed mountain hare time series and parasite abundance, but by systematically removing model structure we dissect out dynamic influences of DLHEs. The DLHEs were weakly destabilising, increasing the propensity for cyclic dynamics and suggesting DLHEs could be important processes in host-parasite systems. Further, by modifying model structure we identify a strong influence of parasite transmission mechanism on host population stability, and discuss the implications for parasite aggregation mechanisms, host movement and natural geographical variation in host population dynamics. The effect of T. retortaeformis on mountain hares likely forms part of a complex set of interactions that lead to population cycles.     

天津市道路车流量特征分析

车流量是移动源和道路扬尘排放清单计算的一个重要参数,直接影响排放清单的不确定性.为了解天津市道路车流量特征,通过人工摄录法获取天津市一年四季5种不同类型共9条道路的车流量及车型分布信息,并对其特征进行分析.结果表明:天津市不同类型道路之间车流量总体上呈快速路（8 790辆/h）>主干道（4 077辆/h）>外环线（3 335辆/h）>次干道（2 461辆/h）>支路（1 507辆/h）的特征;冬季车流量最大,而春、夏两季相对较小.各类型道路车流量占比最大的车型均为轻型车（76.88%~90.71%）,中型车（5.31%~11.80%）次之,重型车（3.20%~11.31%）最少;快速路和外环线工作日的车流量大于非工作日,并且差异具有统计学意义,呈\"周末效应\".研究显示:次干道和支路车流量与主干道车流量呈线性相关,在后续进行道路扬尘和移动源清单编制时,可以考虑通过将主干道车流量与次干道、支路拟合的方式减小工作量;此外,主干道、次干道和支路的早高峰,上、下午平峰,中午和晚高峰的车流量差异不大,可将一天划分为白天、夜晚和凌晨3个时段进行统计,从而节约时间和成本.