厌氧颗粒污泥对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥为生物吸附剂,研究了Cu2+吸附过程的动力学和热力学、污泥投加量和pH值对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:厌氧颗粒污泥对Cu2+的吸附过程为吸热、熵增的自发过程,可用伪二级反应动力学模型和Langmuir、Freundlich等温方程进行拟合;溶液温度为35℃、pH值为5时吸附效果最好。     

基于化学反应动力学机理的中等尺寸甲烷湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过代码修改,在大涡模拟(LES)中嵌入气相化学反应速率、组分热力学性质和输运特性三大机理文件,严格意义上实现甲烷燃烧的四步简化机理与火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)的成功对接。燃烧模型采用针对多组分燃料的涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,模拟0.3m直径的甲烷湍流扩散火焰,并分别与基于无限快反应速率的总包单步和两步化学反应预测结果对比。分析预测结果可知:四步机理能够很好的适应FDS框架,其模拟结果具有可靠性,时均温度、速度和主要反应物的预测结果高度一致;机理导入后可以预测CO2、H2O以及中间产物CO和H2的浓度,更合理地描述了火灾中气相产物的产生与输运过程。不同反应机制下主产物CO2和H2O浓度对比结果理想,在高温反应区内存在一定的差异,在高温反应区外呈现出高度的一致性。     

Organisational aspects of public engagement in European energy infrastructure planning: the case of early-stage CCS projects

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of studies on public perceptions of carbon capture and storage (CCS), accompanied by efforts to translate such knowledge into toolkits for public engagement and communication. At the same time, both literature and toolkits have paid little attention to the organisational dynamics and views of project implementers with regard to public engagement. Here we investigate the views of project development consortia employees in five European CCS projects, focusing on their experience of organisational norms and structures relating to engagement. Finding that planning for this engagement has, in several cases, been hampered by a lack of shared internal vision on engagement and communication within the project consortia, at least initially, we draw upon the socio-technical approach to technology embedment and new institutional theory, to observe that internal organisational alignment is crucial in multi-organisational projects when seeking effective public engagement and communication. We observe that this aspect of internal organisation is not yet reflected in the toolkits and guidelines designed to aid engagement in CCS projects. Engagement guides need to direct the attention of project implementers not only in specific outward directions, but also towards reflexively considering their own internal structures, perspectives, motivations, expectations and aims in relation to engagement and communication practice.     

闽江口短叶茳芏+芦苇沼泽湿地大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CH4与CO2浓度日动态

研究河口感潮沼泽湿地土壤间隙水溶解性CO_2和CH_4浓度日动态对于揭示河口湿地碳循环过程具有重要作用.于2010年的4月4~5日和9月2~3日(小潮日)和4月14~15日和9月9~10日(大潮日),对闽江河口鳝鱼滩中部中高潮滩过渡区分布的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)+芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽湿地的土壤间隙水溶解性CO_2和CH_4浓度进行24 h连续监测,并同步测定了原位土壤温度、电导率及NH+4-N等参数.结果表明:14月与9月大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CH_4浓度日变化范围分别介于88.20~190.74、53.42~141.24、16.27~81.89和44.90~88.53μmol·L~(-1),其中4月大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CH_4浓度均呈现昼低夜高特征(P0.05),而9月大、小潮日呈现相反的日变化趋势(P0.05);29月大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CO_2浓度日变化范围分别介于19.33~40.1μmol·L~(-1)和9.69~29.96μmol·L~(-1),均呈现昼低夜高特征(P0.01);3涨潮期间土壤间隙水溶解性CO_2浓度均要低于涨潮前与落潮后,而涨潮期间土壤间隙水溶解性CH_4浓度高于涨潮前和落潮后.     

南京北郊冬春季气溶胶数浓度变化特征分析

使用APS-3321对2014年南京北郊冬春季0.5~20μm粒径段大气气溶胶数浓度进行了较长时间的连续观测,对其变化特征进行了分析.观测期间南京北郊冬、春季大气气溶胶平均数浓度分别为(364.8±297.8)个·cm~(-3)和(79.6±62.4)个·cm~(-3),细粒子(0.5~1.0μm)分别占整个观测粒径段数浓度的87.8%和86.6%,在不同时间段,数浓度变化很大.南京北郊数浓度具有明显的日变化特征,夜晚浓度高,白天浓度低,冬季07:00和春季09:00达到早高峰,冬季17:00和春季18:00数浓度开始迅速增加.数浓度粒径谱分布冬季为单峰型,峰值粒径在0.583~0.626μm之间,春季峰值粒径小于0.542μm,冬季峰值粒径大于春季.随着相对湿度的增加气溶胶数浓度不断增加,同时峰值粒径向较大粒径方向偏移,体现了吸湿增长对气溶胶粒径谱分布的影响.观测期间,霾天比例高达83.3%,随着霾污染加重,在小于2.0μm的粒径段数浓度显著增加且冬季更为明显;春季,细粒子比例随霾的加重而增加,但冬季由于气溶胶老化导致大粒径粒子浓度显著增大,重度霾天时,细粒子比例有所降低.对1月典型污染过程的分析表明,气团来源与地面风向存在很好的对应关系,苏北近距离污染输送和地面小风造成的污染物累积是此次重污染过程形成的重要原因.     

人工合成水铁矿对含磷废水的吸附性能

采用人工合成水铁矿Ferror Mox(FM)作为处理含磷废水的吸附剂.利用SEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR和Raman等分析手段确定FM为无定形状态的2 L水铁矿,主要由Fe、O、Ca、Si等元素组成.通过实验考察该材料作为除磷吸附剂的效果,研究了不同因素对FM除磷效率的影响,并对其吸附除磷的机制进行了分析.结果表明,在吸附时间60 min、磷酸盐溶液初始p H为2、相对投加量为7 g·L~(-1)、反应温度为25℃、初始含磷浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)、溶液体积为50 m L的条件下,磷酸盐的去除率达到99.14%;在不同温度下的吸附等温式均满足Langmuir等温吸附模型,相关系数达到0.95以上;由热力学参数可知,FM吸附磷酸盐的反应属于自发(式)的吸热反应;FM去除磷酸盐的反应用准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型均可以描述;通过再生实验可知,用0.1 mol·L~(-1)的氢氧化钠溶液可以使99%左右吸附在FM上的磷酸盐解吸下来.因此,FM适合作为处理含磷废水的吸附材料.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of constant volume dust and gas explosions in a 3.6-m flame acceleration tube

This paper describes an experimental investigation of turbulent flame propagation in propane-air mixtures, and in mechanical suspensions of maize starch dispersed in air, in a closed vessel of length 3.6 m and internal cross-section 0.27 m × 0.27 m. The primary motivation for the work is to gain improved understanding of turbulent flame propagation in dust clouds, with a view to develop improved models and methods for assessing explosion risks in the process and mining industries. The study includes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with FLACS and DESC, for gas and dust explosions respectively. For initially quiescent propane-air mixtures, FLACS over-predicts the rate of combustion for fuel-lean mixtures, and under-predicts for fuel-rich mixtures. The simulations tend to be in better agreement with the experimental results for initially turbulent gaseous mixtures. The experimental results for maize starch vary significantly between repeated tests, but the subset of tests that yields the highest explosion pressures are in reasonable agreement with CFD simulations with DESC.     

系统科学视角下的城市污水可持续管理研究

立足于城市污水可持续管理思想,利用系统科学方法,理清、分析对城市污水可持续管理的影响因素。以南京市为例,给出了不同政策组合下的城市污水管理的动态结果,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,要实现城市污水管理的可持续发展,必须在源头上通过政策设计（如收费）促进污水排放者参加到城市污水管理系统中,注重提高资源化和无害化能力的同时,要加强源头减量的力度。     

Paying the Extinction Debt in Southern Wisconsin Forest Understories

Abstract: The lack of long‐term baseline data restricts the ability to measure changes in biological diversity directly and to determine its cause. This hampers conservation efforts and limits testing of basic tenets of ecology and conservation biology. We used a historical baseline survey to track shifts in the abundance and distribution of 296 native understory species across 82 sites over 55 years in the fragmented forests of southern Wisconsin. We resurveyed stands first surveyed in the early 1950s to evaluate the influence of patch size and surrounding land cover on shifts in native plant richness and heterogeneity and to evaluate changes in the relative importance of local site conditions versus the surrounding landscape context as drivers of community composition and structure. Larger forests and those with more surrounding forest cover lost fewer species, were more likely to recruit new species, and had lower rates of homogenization than smaller forests in more fragmented landscapes. Nearby urbanization further reduced both alpha and beta understory diversity. Similarly, understory composition depended strongly on local site conditions in the original survey but only weakly reflected the surrounding landscape composition. By 2005, however, the relative importance of these factors had reversed such that the surrounding landscape structure is now a much better predictor of understory composition than are local site conditions. Collectively, these results strongly support the idea that larger intact habitat patches and landscapes better sustain native species diversity and demonstrate that humans play an increasingly important role in driving patterns of native species diversity and community composition.     

Using qualitative models to define sustainable management for the commons in data poor conditions

Nearly 50 years after Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” we have not yet found predictive tools to guide us towards sustainable management of common-pool resources (CPR). We often have a good understanding of the qualitative relationships between the principal actors in socioecological systems (SESs), but classical quantitative approaches require a tremendous amount of data to understand the drivers of SESs sustainability. Here we show that qualitative modelling approaches can provide important governance insights for SESs that are understood but not quantified.We used Loop Analysis to test the outcomes of different management regimes on a simple nature-based tourism SES described by economic, social and environmental variables. We tested the sustainability of different management scenarios on this system and we identified the necessary conditions to achieve it.We found that management regimes where property rights and responsibilities are shared between different stakeholders are more likely to be successful. However, the system is generally highly unstable and it is important to tune each strategy to each particular situation.The conditions for sustainability found across the different systems tested were: a low reinvestment rate of tourist revenues into new infrastructures and a low growth rate of the environment. Management strategies based on maximum sustainable yield, which keep the environment far from its carrying capacity, have less chance to be sustainable.Qualitative models of SESs are powerful diagnostic tools; they can help identifying variables that play an important role in determining socioecological sustainability in data-poor circumstances and guide the design of efficient data collection programmes. Our results highlight the importance of careful planning when designing management strategies for nature-based tourism. The application of one-size-fits-all solutions to every situation is likely to lead to the failure of the commons; however tourism-based SESs can be sustainable if management strategies are tuned to each particular case.