国家储备物资的属性功能及其作用价值

从全球化、国情和宏观经济运行的现代视角对国家储备物资的实质属性及其功能特征进行深入和系统分析的基础上,揭示了国家储备物资在国家发展、社会稳定和经济建设等方面的必要性及其投入使用的作用原理,对国家储备物资参与国家经济、安全和社会生活的现代价值及其意义进行了研究。研究证明,在应对突发性事件或不确定因素所造成的巨灾和风险时,国家储备物资因其属性功能而不仅具有比较优势,更具有绝对优势;它们的投入和使用对国家政治和经济的稳定,保证民生和国家安全等方面,可以发挥刚性作用与弹性作用。这种功能性的优势及其作用是市场机制不具备的效能,是社会其他资源或力量无法替代的,在经济全球化和现代化发展中,它们是国家实力与核心竞争力的重要成分。     

Change of stream network connectivity under polder-type flood control measure

Polder is usually used for flood control in the river delta area. With the rapid development of urbanization, the dikes or pumps cut the original stream network system, and the stream network connectivity (SNC) and the river system pattern have changed. The dikes or pumps generally force up the river's water level, and regional flood formation mechanisms and processes have changed. In order to quantitatively describe the characteristics of polder-type flood control measure (PFCM) and the change law of SNC, firstly, the streams inside polders were generalized as virtual streams, a hydrological-hydrodynamic model was constructed by connecting Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System and MIKE11 model. Secondly, an SNC evaluation model was constructed based on flow resistance and hydrological process. Finally, the SNC under different scenarios was simulated and evaluated to reveal the influence of the PFCM on SNC. And the dominance analysis method obtained the main control factors of SNC changes. The results showed that the pumps as the main drainage facility under the PFCM, SNC after the opening of the pumps were increased by 0.060, 0.103, and 0.311 for 50%, 30%, and 3% frequency flood scales compared with the pumps closed, respectively. However, compared with the natural stream (without the PFCM), the SNC decreased by 0.391, 0.456, and 0.487, respectively, at the same time of the same flood scale. The PFCM negatively impacted the SNC, and the number of pumps was the main control factor of the SNC.     

Femoral secretions and copulatory plugs convey chemical information about male identity and dominance status in Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola)

Socially dominant males often signal their status to rival males and/or females. We tested the hypotheses that Lacerta monticola femoral gland secretions and copulatory plugs convey chemical information about male identity and dominance status. We estimated male dominance status by staging male–male agonistic encounters in a neutral arena. We then conducted two experiments to compare male tongue-flick behavior toward chemical stimuli consisting of cotton swabs bearing (1) deionized water (control), the lizard’s own femoral secretions, and the femoral secretions of another male and (2) phosphate-buffered saline solution (control), the lizard’s own plug products, and the plug products of another male. Results indicate that males discriminated their own femoral secretions and plugs from those of other males. They also discriminated morphological attributes of other males that were associated with dominance status based on chemical cues arising from femoral secretions and discriminated the dominance status of other males based on chemical cues arising from the plugs. Femoral secretions that convey information about male identity and dominance status may be hypothesized to function in the establishment of L. monticola dominance hierarchies through scent-marking of territories. We suggest that copulatory plugs and femoral secretions may allow males to scent-mark the female body and postulate that this behavior may influence male and female reproductive decisions under selective pressures of sperm competition.     

基于多目标优化的装备群备件保障决策研究

针对装备群备件保障决策问题,从装备群-装备两个层次进行分析建模和优化。首先,根据可靠性分配方法将装备群系统可靠性分配给各装备子系统,在此基础上,考虑总费用和保障概率的要求,利用pareto多目标优化方法对各子系统装备所需携(运)行的备件进行合理优化,建立一个多目标优化决策模型。最后结合应用实例展开应用研究,可为装备群系统决策从定性到定量提供一种新的思路。     

林窗对岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度增长与周期性波动的影响

在川西亚高山岷江冷杉原始林中布设样带,开展林窗和林下更新幼苗生长状况调查,采用Logistic模型和谱分析进行种群优势度增长和周期性波动分析。结果表明：Logistic模型能较好地反映出岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度增长规律,基于基面积和总生物量拟合的种群优势度最大环境容量分别为11.34 mm²/m²和4.64 g/m²,内禀增长率为0.60和0.62,基面积和生物量均能很好地表示岷江冷杉幼苗种群大小。基于基面积拟合和计算的林窗种群的最大环境容纳量、内禀增长率和最大增长速率约为林下种群的4.2倍、1.4倍和5.8倍,最大增长速率出现时间较林下种群早2龄级。谱分析发现岷江冷杉幼苗种群的波动性是多个周期的叠加,大周期内存在着小周期,均以基波振幅最大,林窗种群基波振幅约为林下种群的3倍,谐波对林窗种群影响较林下种群早2龄级。林窗干扰提高了岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度的环境容纳量和内禀增长率、增强了基波对种群周期性波动的控制,使幼苗种群具有更强的增长优势和相对稳定的生长环境。因此,在岷江冷杉原始林的管理过程中应充分重视林窗的作用。     

Polyandry in the genus Apis, particularly Apis andreniformis

Using four polymorphic microsatellite loci, we found that four Apis andreniformis queens collected in Thailand each mated at least 10–20 times, producing an average relatedness, g _ww, of workers of 0.30 ± 0.007, and an average effective number of matings of 9.1 ± 2.2. The degrees of polyandry and intra-colonial genetic relatedness in A. andreniformis are similar to those in A. mellifera, slightly more than in A. florea, and up to 6 times less than in A. dorsata. We argue that while presently favoured hypotheses for the evolution of polyandry in monogynous social insects may adequately explain the evolution of up to five or six matings, they are inadequate to explain the extreme polyandry (10–60 matings) observed in Apis. One alternative possibility is that colony fitness is a non-additive function of the fitness of individual subfamilies. Such behavioral over-dominance may mean that queen fitness is increased by high levels of polyandry, which increase the probability of desirable combinations of worker genotypes occurring in one colony. The special attributes of honey bees which may lead to behavioral over-dominance include colony aggregation (which may increase the incidence of disease), and frequent long-distance migration. Received: 8 May 1996/Accepted after revision: 9 August 1996     

浙江省海岛海域环境生态特征：Ⅰ浮游动物种类优势度与水体生态性质

浙江近海洋域地处暖温带和亚热交汇区，在不同季节受不同性质水系的影响，呈现出不同程度的交汇和混合。通过对１９９０年春，秋两季浙北，中、南三区及７个重点岛群浮游动物及不同生态类型种类优化势度的计算和分析，探讨其栖息区域的群落生态特征，并从生物效应的角度判别栖息海区的水体性质。     

Fragmentation profiles for real and simulated landscapes

When a natural landscape is represented by a series of categorical raster maps of varying resolution, a multiresolution characterization of spatial pattern can be obtained in which entropy is computed at each resolution conditional on the next coarser resolution. The series of entropy values is plotted as a function of resolution, resulting in a multiresolution profile of fragmentation pattern in the landscape. If a categorical raster map is available at a single resolution only, a series of degraded maps at increasingly coarser resolutions is generated and the fragmentation profile is computed for this series. An algorithm has been developed for obtaining the profile directly from the single resolution map without having to generate and store the coarser resolution maps. A hierarchical stochastic model is described for simulating categorical raster maps and the fragmentation profile of the generating process is obtained in terms of the model parameters. These process profiles provide benchmarks for assessing empirical profiles obtained from raster maps of actual landscapes. Methods of the paper are applied to several watersheds of Pennsylvania using landcover maps derived from satellite imagery. These examples indicate that characteristic landscape types induce characteristic features in their fragmentation profiles.     

底泥对沉水植物生长和群落结构的影响

太湖流域中的5种土著沉水植物〔马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus Miq.）、微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）、苦草（Vallisneria spiralis L.）、黑藻（Hydrillaverticillata Royle）和金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）〕经人工配置成3种群落,分别栽植在3种不同类型的底泥上,经过53 d的试验,对人工配置的沉水植物的成活、生长和群落结构演变进行了研究.结果表明:有机质和营养盐含量较高、流动性大、稳定性差的淤泥底质不利于沉水植物的定植,植物成活率较低;氮、磷含量较高的淤泥底质比生泥底质更有利于沉水植物的生长,沉水植物具有较高的相对生长速率,但过于肥沃的底泥会对水生植物的生长产生抑制作用.试验条件下,营养盐含量低的底泥有利于提高生物多样性.3种人工配置的群落中,无论黑藻是否为主栽种,其优势度均明显增加,成为群落优势种.因此,人为配置的沉水植物群落是不稳定的,群落优势种和稳定的群落结构主要由环境条件决定.