镍铝层状氧化物薄膜电极的制备及其除盐性能

水滑石不仅是一种重要的水处理吸附剂,而且在超级电容器方面有广泛应用.本研究采用原位生长法,由泡沫镍作为基体并提供镍源,在泡沫镍表面合成了镍铝复合氧化物(Ni Al-MMO)薄膜即类水滑石煅烧产物.所制得的Ni Al-MMO薄膜电极的电化学性质稳定、电容量高,此薄膜电极的单位质量的比电容量可高达667 F·g-1.对此电极进行电容除盐性能研究,结果表明,增加电压和弱碱性p H环境有利于该电极除盐;初始浓度为0.003 mol·L-1的情况下,最佳工作条件为:电压1.0 V、p H值为8,在此时除盐效率可达58.17%.电极反接可使吸附饱和的电极材料迅速再生,脱附率可达87.96%.本研究为废水中盐离子的去除提供了新的技术选择.     

Mg/Al水滑石微波共沉淀法合成及其对BrO3-吸附性能的研究

采用微波共沉淀法和普通共沉淀法合成了Mg/Al水滑石,分别记做Mg/Al LDHs-MW和Mg/Al LDHs-H.通过XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR等手段对Mg/Al水滑石结构进行表征.结果表明,微波共沉淀法合成的水滑石结晶度较好、粒径较小,孔径为41.13 nm,粒径为427.08 nm.序批次实验考察了投加量、溶液pH值和再生次数等因素对溴酸根(BrO-3)吸附性能的影响.结果表明,Mg/Al水滑石吸附BrO-3过程可用准二级动力学模型描述,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温吸附方程.对比Mg/Al LDHs-H的饱和吸附量(q0=288.74μg·g-1),Mg/Al LDHs-MW对BrO-3具有更强的吸附能力(q0=321.26μg·g-1).在动态连续流条件下,利用Thomas模型模拟3组Mg/Al LDHs-MW对BrO-3的动态吸附数据,拟合得到吸附柱最大的吸附容量为288.81μg·g-1.当填料高度为10 cm,进水浓度为800μg·L-1,进水流量为4.0 mL·min-1时,模型的相关性系数为0.92,表明实验数据与模拟穿透曲线吻合.     

Metal composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) regulating ClO4- adsorption to calcined LDHs via the memory effect and hydrogen bonding

A series of calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides （CLDHs） with various metal compositions and different M^2＋/M^3＋ ratios were prepared as adsorbents for perchlorate. Adsorption isotherms fit Langmuir model well, and the adsorption amount followed the order of MgA1-CLDHs 1〉 MgFeCLDHs 〉〉 ZnA1-CLDHs. The isotherms of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs displayed a two-step shape at low and high concentration ranges and increased with an increase in the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio from 2 to 4. The two-step isotherm was not observed for ZnA1-CLDHs, and the adsorption was minimally affected by the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio. The LDHs, CLDHs and the reconstructed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra to delineate the analysis of perchlorate adsorption mechanisms. The perchlorate adsorption of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs was dominated by the structural memory effect and the hydrogen bonds between the free hydroxyl groups on the reconstructed-LDHs and the oxygen atoms of the perchlorates. For ZnAI-CLDHs, the perchlorate adsorption was controlled by the structural memory effect only, as the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxide layers preferred to form strong hydrogen bonds with carbonate over perchlorate, which locked the intercalated perchlorate into a more confined nano-interlayer. Several distinct binding mechanisms of perchlorate by CLDHs with unique M^2＋ ions were proposed.     

Evaluation of aerial photography for predicting trends in structural attributes of Australian woodland including comparison with ground-based monitoring data

The accurate assessment of trends in the woody structure of savannas has important implications for greenhouse accounting and land-use industries such as pastoralism. Two recent assessments of live woody biomass change from north-east Australian eucalypt woodland between the 1980s and 1990s present divergent results. The first estimate is derived from a network of permanent monitoring plots and the second from woody cover assessments from aerial photography. The differences between the studies are reviewed and include sample density, spatial scale and design. Further analyses targeting potential biases in the indirect aerial photography technique are conducted including a comparison of basal area estimates derived from 28 permanent monitoring sites with basal area estimates derived by the aerial photography technique. It is concluded that the effect of photo-scale; or the failure to include appropriate back-transformation of biomass estimates in the aerial photography study are not likely to have contributed significantly to the discrepancy. However, temporal changes in the structure of woodlands, for example, woodlands maturing from many smaller trees to fewer larger trees or seasonal changes, which affect the relationship between cover and basal area could impact on the detection of trends using the aerial photography technique. It is also possible that issues concerning photo-quality may bias assessments through time, and that the limited sample of the permanent monitoring network may inadequately represent change at regional scales.     

Shorter fries? An alternative policy to support a reduction of nitrogen contamination from agricultural crop production

Feeding the growing population of the world poses significant policy challenges for the sustainability of global ecosystems. A prime example is the degradation of water quality due to the growing imbalance in the terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycle linked to increasing production of reactive N (Nr). Environmental impacts such as groundwater quality degradation and eutrophication of coastal estuaries tend to be local in nature but may be closely connected to global economic factors. Environmental accounting of the N fluxes entering, leaving or remaining in Prince Edward Island (PEI), a small agricultural region, demonstrate the importance of a single industry (potato production) in controlling the local N cycle. The resulting burden of Nr has its most profound effect on groundwater, the sole source of drinking water and the primary pathway of N to the Province's economically and ecologically important estuaries. At the same time, agriculture is a vital part of the local economy, and regulators are faced with the challenge of meeting environmental goals and still maintaining an industry that is competitive and responsive to global market trends. New, innovative policy alternatives are needed to foster more effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. An approach that focuses on influencing consumer choices toward more environmentally responsible production practices at the point of origin may help remove some of the important, non-technical barriers to sustainable food production practices. In practice, a system that documents the environmental performance throughout the full supply chain from producer to retailer would have to be implemented.     

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING APPLIED TO WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT The growing social consciousness and concern with human well-being has resulted in numerous water resource use and control programs, the results of which must be measured not in the customary monetary terms, but rather in terms of social and human welfare. Interdisciplinary research offers the greatest promise of yielding fruitful results in establishing planning methodology that would result in a maximum utilization of funds available for water resource programs. Working with the various social science disciplines, accountants have begun research in social measurement thus opening the door to a new field of accountancy known as socio-economic accounting. The development of social accounting systems will improve water resource management by projecting heretofore unmeasureable social values into the management decision making process.     

现行环境经济核算的局限及建议

随着社会经济发展向着可持续发展战略的转变，资源、环境、经济之间的协调发展日益引起人们的重视，进行环境经济核算已成为最紧迫的现实问题。本文通过分析现行国民经济核算在反映可持续发展要求上的不足和传统环境经济核算的局限性．提出了建立综合的环境核算与经济核算相结合体系的建议和初步框架。     

Modelling trends in woody vegetation structure in semi-arid Australia as determined from aerial photography

Accounting of carbon stocks in woody vegetation for greenhouse purposes requires definition of medium term trends with accurate error assessment. Tree and shrub cover was sampled through time at randomly located sites over a large area of central Queensland, Australia using aerial photography from 1945 to 1999. Calibration models developed from field data for the same land types as those represented within the study area allowed for the extrapolation of overstorey and understorey cover, basal area and biomass values and these were modelled as trends over the latter half of the 20th century. These structural attributes have declined over the region because of land clearing with values for biomass changing from a mean of 58.0(+/-1.2)t/ha in 1953 to 41.1(+/-1.0)t/ha in 1991. The biomass of Acacia on clay and Eucalypt on texture contrast soils land types has declined most dramatically. Within uncleared vegetation there was an overall trend of increase from 56.1(+/-1.2)t/ha in 1951 to 67.6(+/-1.3)t/ha in 1995. The increase in structural attributes within uncleared vegetation was most pronounced for the Eucalypt on texture contrast soils and Eucalypt on clay land types. It was demonstrated that the sites sampled were representative of their land types and that spatial bias of the photography, undetected tree-killing, sampling error, inherent variability of structural attributes and measurement error should not have impacted greatly on bias or precision of trend estimates for well-sampled land types. Certainly the errors are not likely to be substantial for trends averaged over all land types and they provide an accurate assessment of the magnitude and direction of change. The technique presented here would appear to be a robust means of accounting for the above-ground woody component of woodlands and open forests and will also contribute to a broader understanding of savanna dynamics.