浅析木制品加工对环境的影响

我国森林覆盖率为16.55％,人均森林面积约为世界平均水平的1/5,为少林国家。而现有木材加工企业利用率不高,加之木制品的大量出口,使森林遭到更大破坏。应采取提高木材综合利用率水平、培育速生丰产林种、以竹代木、调整林产企业产业结构等措施减小对环境的不良影响。     

北京市饮用水中溴酸盐、卤代乙酸及高氯酸盐研究

调查了北京市饮用水厂源水及出厂水中消毒副产物溴酸盐、卤代乙酸及典型污染物高氯酸盐的污染现状,研究了其来源及环境影响因素.结果表明,北京市饮用水中基本不含溴酸盐;含有5种卤代乙酸和高氯酸盐.饮用水加氯消毒是产生卤代乙酸的主要原因.在所调查水厂出厂水中卤代乙酸的平均浓度为42.1～149.5μg/L;其中含氯卤代乙酸占总量的90%以上.5种卤代乙酸的含量顺序为三氯乙酸>二氯乙酸>氯溴乙酸>二溴乙酸>一溴二氯乙酸.饮用水中卤代乙酸受季节影响较大,9月份浓度最高,4月份浓度最低.高氯酸盐主要存在于以地下水为源水的水厂中,受地下水污染影响较大.各水厂出厂水中高氯酸盐含量为0.1～6.8μg/L.饮用水中高氯酸盐在11月份含量最高,7月份含量最低.     

环境中两种沐浴露污染对大型蚤的生态毒性效应

选用2种在市场上畅销的护肤品(六神沐浴露和玉兰油沐浴露),采用大型蚤(daphnia magna straus)的急性毒性标准测定方法,初步研究和评价了2种沐浴露对水环境污染的生态毒性.结果表明,六神沐浴露24h的LC50和EC50值分别为96.76和81.72 mg·L-1,48 h的LC50和EC50值分别为78.42和72.93 mg·L-1;玉兰油沐浴露24h的LC50和EC50值分别为91.13和84.95 mg·L-1,48h的LC50和EC50值分别为80.11和78.51 mg·L-1.2种沐浴露对大型蚤的致死和抑制效应与其浓度呈明显正相关关系,且毒性效应随作用时间的延长而增强.     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

太湖西岸地表水中极性有机污染物非靶向筛查与生态风险评估

环境中新兴污染物层出不穷,已经成为当前环境研究的关键问题.为全面筛查太湖西岸武进和宜兴地区地表水中的潜在极性有机污染物,基于高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用技术进行非靶向筛查,利用精确质量数、同位素分布和二级碎片信息进行质谱库匹配共识别出162个有机物,包括46种农药、34种药物、8种个人护理产品、27种添加剂、17种有机合成中间体和30种动植物代谢物或天然物质,其中45个有机物经过标准品验证.对42种污染物进行定量分析并对3种营养级模式生物物种进行生态风险评估,发现25种污染物具有中等风险以上,12种污染物具有高风险.非靶向筛查能够在无先验信息和标准品的情况下全面识别潜在未知污染物,不仅快速、准确和分析通量高,还能为后续生态风险评估提供重要的依据.     

Radiological hazard assessment of natural gross radioactivity in some cosmetic products

Many kinds of cosmetic products were analyzed to determine gross radioactivity. In this study, gross alpha/beta radioactivity concentrations in 51 cosmetic samples were determined. The examined cosmetic products consist of blusher, eye shadow, lipstick, nail polish, shampoo, hand cream, cellulite cream, baby powder, soap, and toothpaste. The gross alpha–beta activity concentrations were measured with a nuclear spectroscopic system which contains gas-flow proportional counters. The highest gross alpha/beta activity concentrations were found in eye shadow samples of 1.621Bq g^?1 for alpha and 6.471Bq g^?1 for beta. The total effective doses due to gross radioactivity for skin were calculated. Although the effective dose of eye shadow samples had the highest value, the effective doses due to gross radioactivity concentrations in this study were found to be lower than the radiological limits given by the authorities.     

四湖地区农产品增值研究

对四湖地区的农产品资源进行了全面的分析，该地区的农产品优势资源为大米，淡水鱼、牲猪、蔬菜和水生经济作物中的莲藕等。通过对该地区的农产品加工现状进行综合分析，认为农产品的加工增值存在的问题障碍了该地区农业进一步发展，进而提出了相应的措施以及变区域资源优势为地方经济优势的策略。     

机械产品安全性评价的研究

产品的本质安全化,是改善劳动条件,提高全社会安全水平的重要保障。产品的安全性评价,是判断产品本质安全程度的主要依据。本文以机械产品为例,在调查研究和统计分析的基础上,运用统计权数理论和模糊综合评判方法,提出了机械产品安全性评价指标体系和量化方法。     

Model Computations on Sequestration of Carbon in Managed Forests and Wood Products under Changing Climatic Conditions in Finland

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of forest management on carbon sequestration in forests and wood products by using a gap-type forest model interfaced with a wood product model. The assessment is based on total carbon sequestration, i.e. the amount of carbon left in vegetation, litter, soil organic matter and products when the flows of carbon back to the atmosphere have been subtracted. Thirty mixed-species stands, representing medium fertility sites in southern Finland, were included in each simulation for 300 years under current climatic conditions and predicted conditions of changing climate. The average total balance for the first 100 years was higher in the unmanaged system than in the managed system, but for the second and third 100-year periods the results were clearly opposite. Differences in the total balance between the treatments were larger during the first 100 years than over the whole 300-year period. Under conditions of changing climate, differences in carbon sequestration between management options were more pronounced than under current climatic conditions. Under current climatic conditions with the 100-year time frame, the ratio between the total annual balance and annual gross production was 0·208–0·289. Over the whole 300 years, however, efficiency was much lower, 0·088–0·121. Under changing climatic conditions, efficiency was also lower, 0·182–0·252 and 0·081–0·096, respectively. Different management alternatives clearly produced different amounts of timber for the production process; under conditions of changing climate, timber production was substantially enhanced. However, total carbon storages at the end of the simulation varied less than timber production. In the managed system, the flow back into the atmosphere was largest from litter, 41–51% of the total outflow, the flow from vegetation was 23–28%, from soil organic matter 22–25%, emissions from products 1–7%, and emissions from landfills 0–3%. If emissions due to the use of machinery in timber harvesting and transportation were included, they made up only 0·03–0·33% of the total outflow.     

Chromatographic fingerprinting as a means to predict degradation mechanisms

The degradation products of polymers are identifiable by chromatography. The degradation product patterns (or fingerprints) formed depend on the type of polymer, the degradation mechanism(s), and also the type of additive present in the material. The chromatographic fingerprint of biotically aged degradable low-density polyethylene (i.e., LDPE+starch+prooxidant) shows, in particular, the absence of low molecular weight carboxylic acids, which suggests an assimilation of these carboxylic acids by the microorganisms. The degradation products of natural polymers are usually intermediates that are used again in the anabolic cycles. It is possible to transfer the terminology from the natural polymers, where the catabolism of natural polymers consists of three stages, and apply this also to the degradable synthetic polymers. During stage I the natural polymers degrade to their major building blocks (e.g., amino acids, glycerol, hexoses, pentoses, etc.), during stage II these products are collected and converted to a smaller number of even simpler molecules [e.g., acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)]. In stage III, finally, the acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where energy is gained in parallel with the release of CO₂ and H₂O.Presented at the international workshop,Polymers from Renewable Resources and their Degradation, Stockholm, Sweden, November 10–11, 1994.