Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation

Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe（Ⅱ） affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn（Ⅱ） affected the ozonation by ＂active sites＂ mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained.     

冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞

通过试验研究,建立了用王水消解、冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞的方法.本方法的检出限为0.006 mg/kg (按称取0.5 g试样消解定容至50 ml计算),用于国内不同地域的堆肥样品测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.55%～10.7%之间,加标回收率介于91.0%～108.0%,可作为一种较理想的检验堆肥产品质量的方法.     

两种典型PPCPs在潜流人工湿地中的季节性去除效果及降解产物

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)在地表水中的污染问题已引起了广泛关注,人工湿地(constructed wetlands,CWs)在PPCPs去除中具有突出优势,然而关于不同类型PPCPs 在CWs 去除中的相互作用研究得还较少.本研究选取两种常用且相对分子质量接近的典型PPCPs——广谱抗菌剂三氯生(TCS)和非甾体抗...     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

SIMP钢在高温液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀行为

目的 研究SIMP钢在不同溶解氧浓度的高温液态铅铋合金中长期浸泡后腐蚀产物的变化规律。方法 在550 ℃静态液态铅铋合金(饱和氧状态和贫氧状态)中对SIMP钢进行500、1 000、2 000、3 500、5 000 h的腐蚀试验。通过观察腐蚀后试样的表面和截面形貌,进行物化分析,对比不同时间下腐蚀层厚度以及腐蚀产物结构的变化,得出溶解氧浓度和浸泡时间的变化对腐蚀产物的影响规律。结果 在贫氧环境中,SIMP钢的腐蚀类型主要为氧化腐蚀,氧化腐蚀产物具有双层结构,外层为Fe-Cr尖晶石氧化层,内层为富铬氧化物与基体的混合物层;在饱和氧环境,SIMP钢腐蚀产物则具有3层结构,外层为Fe3O4磁铁矿层,中层为Fe-Cr尖晶石氧化层,最内层为富铬氧化物与基体的混合物层。结论 溶解氧浓度和浸泡时间的变化对腐蚀产物的结构和厚度产生了显著影响,SIMP钢在贫氧环境中呈现出优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

基于竞争失效的导弹机电产品可靠性评估

目的 解决导弹机电产品退化-突发竞争失效模式下的可靠性评估问题。方法 对导弹典型机电产品电机进行贮存失效分析,同时考虑双参数退化失效和突发失效对电机贮存可靠性的影响。首先,以具有随机效应的非线性Wiener过程描述电机贮存退化失效过程中的非线性、随机性和样本差异性。然后,采用Weibull分布描述突发失效过程规律,并考虑退化程度对突发失效的影响。最后,利用Copula函数刻画退化性能参数之间的相互作用关系,建立双参数退化-突发竞争失效模型,并给出基于两步极大似然估计的参数估计方法。结果 以仿真导弹电机退化突发失效数据为例进行分析,实现了基于双参数退化-突发竞争失效模型的系统可靠性评估,得到电机贮存5 a时的可靠度估计值为0.465。结论 所构建的双参数随机退化与突发失效相关的竞争失效模型有效,为导弹机电产品可靠性验证评估及寿命预测提供了相应的理论依据。     

Removal and recovery of toxic nanosized Cerium Oxide using eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

• Eco-friendly IONPs were synthesized through solvothermal method. • IONPs show very high removal efficiency for CeO₂ NPs i.e. 688 mg/g. • Removal was >90% in all synthetic and real water samples. • >80% recovery of CeO₂ NPs through sonication confirms reusability of IONPs. Increasing applications of metal oxide nanoparticles and their release in the natural environment is a serious concern due to their toxic nature. Therefore, it is essential to have eco-friendly solutions for the remediation of toxic metal oxides in an aqueous environment. In the present study, eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are synthesized using solvothermal technique and successfully characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM respectively) and powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD). These IONPs were further utilized for the remediation of toxic metal oxide nanoparticle, i.e., CeO₂. Sorption experiments were also performed in complex aqueous solutions and real water samples to check its applicability in the natural environment. Reusability study was performed to show cost-effectiveness. Results show that these 200 nm-sized spherical IONPs, as revealed by SEM and TEM analysis, were magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and contained short-range crystallinity as confirmed from XRD spectra. Sorption experiments show that the composite follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further R²>0.99 for Langmuir sorption isotherm suggests chemisorption as probable removal mechanism with monolayer sorption of CeO₂ NPs on IONP. More than 80% recovery of adsorbed CeO₂ NPs through ultrasonication and magnetic separation of reaction precipitate confirms reusability of IONPs. Obtained removal % of CeO₂ in various synthetic and real water samples was>90% signifying that IONPs are candidate adsorbent for the removal and recovery of toxic metal oxide nanoparticles from contaminated environmental water samples.     

Tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater using isolated algal strains: treatment efficiency and value-added products recovery

ABSTRACT

Two microalgal strains (Chlorella sorokiniana, A&B,) grown optimally at pH 9 (A) and 7 (B) were isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. These strains were used to check their efficacy for nutrients and organic carbon removal capacities from the tertiary wastewater. The strains were characterised using 18S rDNA sequencing method and both the strains closely related to Chlorella sorokiniana. Different inoculum doses (IDs) of both the strains were tried to check their efficacy on wastewater treatment. Due to the increase in the IDs, hydraulic retention time decreased from 6 d to 1?d. On an average, 12–100% of total kjeldahl nitrogen, 53–96% NO₃–N, and 59–92% PO₄–P, were removed. Despite the same growth environment, strain A with the highest ID (700?mg/L) showed the best performance in terms of overall organic carbon removal, nutrient removal, and value-added products recovery. Strain A showed an increase in carbohydrate and protein content by 42% and 13%, respectively. Both the strains showed luxury phosphorus uptake and found suitable for advanced wastewater treatment.     

阻碍我国有机肥推广的经济成因分析

对有机肥施用领域的各个环节进行了梳理和分析,认为有机肥经济正外部性未能内部化和监管体系薄弱是影响有机肥推广的两个主要原因,其中经济正外部性未能内部化增加了农户和企业在有机肥使用或生产上的投入成本,从根本上遏制了使用或生产有机肥的积极性,而监管体系的薄弱进一步缩减了有机肥的利润空间,因此阻碍有机肥推广的根本成因在于有机肥经济正外部性未能内部化,即经济激励的缺失。并据此提出了相应的解决措施。     

许昌市发制品行业的清洁生产调查

发制品行业是以人发、人造纤维等为原材料进行假发加工的行业。许昌市发制品的生产过程大致可分为两个阶段:漂染和前后处理。漂染过程用水量大,产生的废水难以处理。其中过酸、氧化、染色配置的溶液使用一次后直接排放,不符合清洁生产要求,且所排放的溶液可考虑中和多次利用。漂染过程水资源消耗量大,废水产生量大,没有考虑废水综合利用。按清洁生产的要求在以上环节可通过技术革新和设备改造得以改进。