高盐度水产品加工废水治理工艺研究

使用海水进行水产品加工的企业所排放的废水盐度、氨氮浓度高,在此环境下,微生物的活性受到影响,增长速度慢,产率系数低,处理难度较大,文章结合工程实例介绍了"水解酸化 两级生物接触氧化"处理高盐度水产品加工废水的运行效果,结果表明:对Cl-浓度平均8000mg/L的高盐度水产品加工废水,系统对COD、SS、氨氮的去除率分别超过了88%、90%、85%,出水COD、SS、氨氮分别低于100mg/L、70mg/L、15mg/L,出水完全可以达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

Fossil carbon emissions associated with carbon flowsof wood products

Specific fossil carbon (C) emissions and primary energy useassociated with the manufacture of different wood product groups inFinland are estimated and expressed as emissions or energy use per amountof wood-based C in raw material and per amount in end product. Thecalculation includes both emissions from supplied fuels within the forestindustries, and from electricity and district heat purchased from externalsources. The results are compared to fossil C emissions from the wholelifecycle of harvested wood products. The results of the study show, forinstance, that the emission of fossil C per wood-based C in end products(MgC/MgC) is of the order of 0.07 for sawn wood and 0.3–0.6 for paperin the manufacturing stage. The primary energy use per wood-based C inend product is of the order of 2 MWh/MgC for sawn wood, whereas forvirgin paper grades the figure is between 17 and 19 MWh/MgC. Theprimary energy content is highest in papers based on chemical pulping, butaround 60% of the energy used is produced in this case from by-productwood wastes (black liquor, bark etc.). The specific fossil C emission andprimary energy divided by the estimated service life of the wood productare measures for the relative burden of maintaining the corresponding woodproduct pool. These figures should be kept in mind when considering woodproducts as a potential C sink option.     

世界有机农业蓬勃发展对中国有机产品发展的启示

随着全球经济一体化进程加快和中国加入WTO,国际贸易中关税壁垒必将逐渐消失,配额的调控作用也将越来越小,一些成员国已逐渐转向技术性贸易壁垒来对进口食品实施严格的检验检疫制度和设置更"苛刻"、更繁多的卫生质量标准与要求等非关税壁垒,即"绿色壁垒",打破壁垒的最有效的办法就是超越壁垒,发展有机农业将是中国实现农业可持续发展的一个很好的模式.中国的有机产品发展应实现其发展的无害化、标准化、法制化、产业化、国际化和全程化,从而完成有机产品从生产基地到市场建设体系的系统工程,因此根据中国国情,借鉴国外发展有机农业的成功经验,建立健全中国有机农业的产业化,即顺应国际环境保护和农业有机化潮流,也符合国际贸易对食品质量体系保证的要求.     

UV_(254)降解水中双氯芬酸的动力学及机理研究

研究了254 nm紫外光照(UV_(254))对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解,考察了pH、天然有机物质(NOM)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)对DCF光解的影响;探讨了DCF的光解产物和转化机理;最后,研究了DCF在实际水体中的去除.结果表明,DCF在UV_(254)辐射下发生快速降解,其光解遵循准一级反应动力学模型.在研究的pH范围内,DCF降解效率基本相同,其表观速率常数在5.9×10~(-3)cm~2·mJ~(-1)左右.NOM的存在会抑制DCF的光解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,这主要是由于NOM和DCF竞争入射的紫外光子.NO_3~-在UV_(254)光照下可被激发产生羟基自由基,故NO_3~-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解.DCF在实际水体中的去除效率与纯水中的基本类似,在紫外光用量为320 mJ·cm~(-2)时,大约83%1μmol·L~(-1)DCF被去除.在UV_(254)光解DCF反应中,共检测到12种降解产物,基于这些检出的反应产物提出DCF可能的光解机理主要包括6种不同的转化路径,分别为脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应、脱氯羟基化、脱氯氢化和醌化反应.     

超临界流体技术在化工污染治理中的应用

对于许多化工产品废物,如塑料、有毒物质、生物污泥和有机废水等,利用传统技术进行处理的效果较差。超临界流体(SCF)技术作为一种清洁环境的新技术,可用于治理化工污染物。SCF作为反应介质或反应物可替代有毒、有害有机溶剂;用作萃取剂,它是一种新型的分离技术;以SCF作移动相的色谱,可提高检测灵敏度和分辨率;将超临界水作为氧化剂,可破坏有机污染物的结构。SCF技术的应用可以大大减少环境污染。     

江苏沿海生态旅游产品的开发

生态旅游产品是时尚的高品质旅游产品，江苏沿海地区旅游资源的独特性，为生态旅游产品开发提供了重要基础，文章从分析江苏沿海生态旅游发展现状出发，探讨了海滨生态旅游产品的开发原则和开发模式，提出了建立江苏沿海生态旅游开发产品体系的构想。     

Biodegradable Soy-Based Plastics: Opportunities and Challenges

Today's plastics are designed with little consideration for their ultimate disposability or the effect of the resources (feedstocks) used in making them. This has resulted in mounting worldwide concerns over the environmental consequences of such materials when they enter the mainstream after their intended uses. This led to the concept of designing and engineering new biodegradable materials–materials that have the performance characteristics of today's materials but that undergo biodegradation along with other organic waste to soil humic materials. Hence, the production of biodegradable materials from annually renewable agricultural feedstocks has attracted attention in recent years. Agricultural materials such as starches and proteins are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Soybean is a good candidate for manufacturing a large number of chemicals, including biodegradable plastics, as it is abundantly available and cheap. Soy protein concentrate, isolate, or flakes could be compounded with synthetic biodegradable plastics such as polycaprolactone or poly (lactic acid) to make molded products or edible films or shopping bags and make the environment cleaner and greener.     

Exudation of UV-light absorbing natural products by seedlings ofNuphar lutea

Summary Seedlings ofNuphar lutea (L.) Sm. were raised from seeds and cultivated in a synthetic sterile nutrient solution under physiologically controlled and undisturbed conditions. The extracellular release of carbon compounds from the plants into the surrounding medium was examined by direct carbon estimation, by various specific chemical assays and by HPLC analysis. Direct carbon estimation was not sensitive enough to obtain reliable values; five of six specific chemical assays also failed. Only the Folin-Denis assay indicated there was a production of phenolic compounds, which followed a linear course that took up to six days of incubation. The phenolic compounds ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 µg/h g dry weight. Rp-HPLC with UV detection yielded a major fraction containing at least five highly polar compounds (not retainable on reversed phase), and a minor fraction of at least eight less polar (rp-retainable) compounds. Exudation followed a linear course for some days up to a distinct level of saturation in the surrounding medium. Cultures incubated in light or absolute darkness exhibit the same production rates; however, lower temperatures caused significant reduction in the production rate and on the pattern of exuded compounds as well. After withdrawing the exuded compounds by rinsing the cultures, a new production can be repeatedly induced many times until the potential of the system is seemingly exhausted. Nuphar seedlings procedures are introduced as a new macrophyte system suitable for studying the mechanism of extracellular secretion among aquatic macrophytes.     

Toxics Use Reduction in the Home: Lessons Learned from Household Exposure Studies

Workers and fence-line communities have been the first to benefit from the substantial reductions in toxic chemical use and byproducts in industrial production resulting from the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA). As TURA motivates reformulation of products as well as retooling of production processes, benefits could extend more broadly to large-scale reductions in everyday exposures for the general population. Household exposure studies, including those conducted by Silent Spring Institute, show that people are exposed to complex mixtures of indoor toxics from building materials and a myriad of consumer products. Pollutants in homes are likely to have multiple health effects because many are classified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), with the ability to interfere with the body’s hormone system. Product-related EDCs measured in homes include phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, and alkylphenols. Silent Spring Institute’s chemical analysis of personal care and cleaning products confirms many are potential sources of EDCs, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive toxics use reduction (TUR) approach to reduce those exposures. Toxics use reduction targeted at EDCs in consumer products has the potential to substantially reduce occupational and residential exposures. The lessons that have emerged from household exposure research can inform improved chemicals management policies at the state and national levels, leading to safer products and widespread health and environmental benefits.     

直升机用橡胶密封产品环境试验技术研究进展

以我国直升机在恶劣环境条件下服役导致密封产品频繁发生失效故障为背景,对航空橡胶密封材料及产品的环境试验与评价技术进行了梳理总结。分析了橡胶密封材料及产品大气暴露试验、户外自然加速暴露试验等自然环境试验技术的发展现状,介绍了热空气老化、紫外老化、臭氧老化、湿热、低温、盐雾、霉菌及综合环境试验等橡胶密封材料及产品实验室模拟加速试验技术的作用机理及试验方法。在此基础上,提出了今后应在橡胶密封产品实验室多因素模拟加速试验技术、密封结构件环境效应数据积累和应用等方面加强研究。