泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油油盘火的灭火性能研究

汽油易挥发且闪点低,火灾危险性极大,且理化性能与标准燃料存在较大差异,有必要评估当前市售泡沫灭火剂对汽油的灭火性能。通过4.52 m 2油盘火试验,对水成膜泡沫灭火剂、抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂、氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂及抗溶氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂的灭火性能进行评估研究,并与标准燃料油盘火进行对比,结果表明抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油火的灭火效能最佳,石化企业和消防救援队伍在处置汽油火灾时应优先考虑使用抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂。此外,车用汽油比标准燃料的灭火难度更大,石化企业可适当提高固定泡沫灭火系统的设防标准。     

基于无线射频识别(RFID)技术的肉制品安全监控系统模糊综合评价

在无线射频识别(RFID)技术的肉制品安全监控系统中肉制品物流流程和影响因素分析的基础上,运用模糊综合评价给出主因素权重的计算原理;结合企业肉制品安全监控系统的具体情况,选择了评价指标并进行综合分析,建立了肉制品监控体系安全现状评价模型;在确定因素权重时,采用定性和定量相结合的层次分析法(AHP),其结果表明:权重的赋值科学合理,较好地反映了各因素对企业安全程度的重要程度和评判等级,所建立的多层次评价体系客观地反映了肉制品企业的安全状况,对肉制品加工企业安全监控具有重要的参考价值。     

Variations in expression of carbon isotope fractionation of chlorinated ethenes during biologically enhanced PCE dissolution close to a source zone

The stable carbon isotope values of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and its degradation products were monitored during studies of biologically enhanced dissolution of PCE dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) to determine the effect of PCE dissolution on observed isotope values. The degradation of PCE was monitored in a 2-dimensional model aquifer and in a pilot test cell (PTC) at Dover Air Force Base, both with emplaced PCE DNAPL sources. Within the plume down gradient from the source, the isotopic fractionation of dissolved PCE and its degradation products were consistent with those observed in biodegradation laboratory studies. However, close to the source zone significant shifts in the isotope values of dissolved PCE were not observed in either the model aquifer or PTC due to the constant input of newly dissolved, non fractionated PCE, and the small isotopic fractionation associated with PCE reductive dechlorination by the mixed microbial culture used. Therefore the identification of reductive dechlorination in the presence of PCE DNAPL was based upon the appearance of daughter products and the isotope values of those daughter products. An isotope model was developed to simulate isotope values of PCE during the dissolution and degradation of PCE adjacent to a DNAPL source zone. With the exception of very high degradation rate constants (>1/day) stable carbon isotope values of PCE estimated by the model remained within error of the isotope value of the PCE DNAPL, consistent with measured isotope values in the model aquifer and in the PTC.     

Fate of CL-20 in sandy soils: degradation products as potential markers of natural attenuation

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is an emerging explosive that may replace the currently used explosives such as RDX and HMX, but little is known about its fate in soil. The present study was conducted to determine degradation products of CL-20 in two sandy soils under abiotic and biotic anaerobic conditions. Biotic degradation was prevalent in the slightly acidic VT soil, which contained a greater organic C content, while the slightly alkaline SAC soil favored hydrolysis. CL-20 degradation was accompanied by the formation of formate, glyoxal, nitrite, ammonium, and nitrous oxide. Biotic degradation of CL-20 occurred through the formation of its denitrohydrogenated derivative (m/z 393 Da) while hydrolysis occurred through the formation of a ring cleavage product (m/z 156 Da) that was tentatively identified as CH₂N-C(N-NO₂)-CHN-CHO or its isomer N(NO₂)CH-CHN-CO-CHNH. Due to their chemical specificity, these two intermediates may be considered as markers of in situ attenuation of CL-20 in soil.     

Measurement of machinery safety level in the European market: A real case based on market surveillance data

This article aims to highlight the current status of compliance to Machinery Directive 98/37/EC (transposed to Spanish regulation as RD 56/1995, of 20th January) (a new directive numbered as 2006/42/EC [Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 may 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). OJ L157/24-86, 9.6.2006.], that recasts and replaced 98/37/ED directive and its amendments, came into force on 29 June 2006; it will not be applied until 29th December 2009. European Member States have a lead-time of two years to adopt and publish the national laws and regulations transposing the provisions of the new Directive into national law. Latest 10th October, Spain transposed Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC to national regulation as Real Decreto 1644/2008 [Real Decreto 1644/2008, de 10 de octubre, por el que se establecen las normas para la comercialización y puesta en servicio de las máquinas. BOE 246/2008, de 11 octubre 2008. Páginas 40995–41030]) of a particular family of machinery (hand-held, medium and small-size, deeply introduced in the market, of low-medium cost), that any user, professional or non-professional, can acquire as first-hand in any of the sales points (whether or not experts in these kind of products).At the same time, it emphasises the most significant shortcomings and non-conformities found, after analyzing the results of five consecutive Campaigns of Control of Industrial Products performed by one of the labs (placed in Spain) involved in the market surveillance European Program.     

光催化氧化苯酚中间产物的分析与降解途径探讨

采用光催化氧化法降解苯酚溶液,利用液相色谱对苯酚及其中间产物进行了定性、定量分析。考察了投加H2O2对中间产物浓度变化的影响。根据中间产物的产生情况及浓度变化,推测了苯酚光催化降解的反应途径。     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

饮用水中内分泌干扰物阿特拉津UV光氧化研究

采用单独紫外光氧化工艺去除饮用水中低浓度阿特拉津,研究了不同影响因素对阿特拉津降解效果的影响,并分析了阿特拉津的降解机理.结果表明:单独紫外光氧化对阿特拉津有很好的去除效果,在光强为205μW/cm²条件下,光解120min后,阿特拉津去除率为92.38%.阿特拉津的光解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.通过提高紫外照射光强,可以在短时间内提高阿特拉津的去除率.阿特拉津的初始浓度对光解反应基本没有影响.自来水中的有机物及多种离子的存在会降低阿特拉津的光解速率.紫外光氧化阿特拉津主要降解途径是脱氯反应,反应速率很快.羟基化产物(OHA)是主要的中间产物.OHA在紫外光作用下可以继续发生脱烷基反应,生成OHDIA和OHDEA,反应速率非常缓慢.反应液中pH值的变化与中间产物的形成过程有很好的相关性.     

MnO2吸附-氧化去除草甘膦的研究

草甘膦是一种被广泛使用的除草剂,天然矿物的吸附-氧化作用对草甘膦的降解具有重要影响.本文研究了草甘膦在MnO2表面的吸附-氧化行为,考察了草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解动力学,以及反应体系pH和共存阳离子对MnO2吸附-氧化降解草甘膦的影响,初步分析了草甘膦的降解产物和可能的降解途径.结果表明,MnO2可有效降解草甘膦,草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解符合表观准一级动力学模型,表观反应动力学常数随草甘膦浓度的增大而减小;酸性条件有利于MnO2对草甘膦的去除,共存Cu2+对MnO2去除草甘膦有明显的抑制作用;草甘膦的降解产物包括肌氨酸、氨基乙酸、羟基乙酸、甲酸和乙酸及PO3-4、NH+4和NO-3.     

基于虚拟样机的电子产品振动疲劳寿命评估方法

为研究随机振动对电子设备元器件寿命的影响,应用虚拟样机技术与随机振动疲劳模型,评估器件及电路板的随机振动疲劳寿命。重点介绍了基于虚拟的电子产品随机振动疲劳寿命的虚拟评估方法的具体流程,并以具体电路板为例进行了随机振动疲劳寿命分析。