新时期生态环境监测数据产品内涵和发展建议

简述了新时期环境监测数据产品内涵,分析了当前数据产品在信息化程度、深度开发、数据质量和信息公开等方面存在的问题;提出,要不断提高数据产品的信息化水平,推进其深度开发,要立足于服务社会和管控需求,加强数据产品可追溯能力建设,针对现各部门存在的"数据孤岛"问题,增强各部门间监测数据的可比性,推进区域污染物排放、空气环境质量、水环境质量等信息公开,为政府决策提供准确的技术支持,为公众、企业提供优质服务。     

基于无线射频识别(RFID)技术的肉制品安全监控系统模糊综合评价

在无线射频识别(RFID)技术的肉制品安全监控系统中肉制品物流流程和影响因素分析的基础上,运用模糊综合评价给出主因素权重的计算原理;结合企业肉制品安全监控系统的具体情况,选择了评价指标并进行综合分析,建立了肉制品监控体系安全现状评价模型;在确定因素权重时,采用定性和定量相结合的层次分析法(AHP),其结果表明:权重的赋值科学合理,较好地反映了各因素对企业安全程度的重要程度和评判等级,所建立的多层次评价体系客观地反映了肉制品企业的安全状况,对肉制品加工企业安全监控具有重要的参考价值。     

微波消解-ICP/MS法同时测定水产品中13种元素

用硝酸-双氧水体系微波消解,以In、Sc为内标,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP／MS）同时测定水产品中V、Cr、C0、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Ba、T1、Pb等13种元素。各元素的检出限在0．05ng／g～0．064μg／g之间,样品平行测定4次的RSD〈5％,鲢鱼样品的加标回收率在81％～117％之间。     

超声波萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测沉积物中10种PPCPs化合物

基于EPA1694方法,应用超声波萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了沉积物中对乙酰氨基酚、林可霉素、甲氧苄啶、咖啡因、阿奇霉素、磺胺甲唑、泰乐菌素、地尔硫卓、卡马西平及氟西汀等10种药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的分析检测方法。样品经超声萃取、离心和SAX阴离子交换柱净化,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测(MRM)模式进行离子定性、定量分析。10种药物加标回收率实验结果表明:添加低浓度样品20 ng/g,回收率为61.1%~128.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%~17.5%(n=5);添加高浓度样品400 ng/g,回收率为66.4%~126.7%,RSD为2.3%~18.0%(n=5),最低检测限为0.12~4.46 ng/g。该方法具有检测限低和回收率高的特点,并经实际样品验证发现,该方法适用于检测沉积物中10种PPCPs化合物。     

典型新兴环境污染物的研究进展

概述了内分泌干扰物(EDCs)、药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)等典型新兴环境污染物的主要类型、环境浓度、分析方法、来源与归趋以及国内外研究进展。内分泌干扰物、药物及个人护理品在世界各地的污水处理厂出水中检出,表明了污水处理技术的不完善性,亟需研究并应用更全面的污水处理技术,以从源头上阻断新兴环境污染物对环境的污染。     

环境中药品和个人护理品的复合污染风险

在环境中污染物常以混合物的形式存在,从而扩大或减小了其对环境和生物的效应。指出目前对药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)环境健康风险的研究多停留在单一物质表观层面,造成其风险值出现偏差。系统分析了PPCPs与有机和无机污染物之间的复合污染,提出加强复合污染毒性风险及致毒机理等方面的研究,为有效降低环境水体中PPCPs潜在的安全风险提供理论支持。     

Measurement of machinery safety level in the European market: A real case based on market surveillance data

This article aims to highlight the current status of compliance to Machinery Directive 98/37/EC (transposed to Spanish regulation as RD 56/1995, of 20th January) (a new directive numbered as 2006/42/EC [Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 may 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). OJ L157/24-86, 9.6.2006.], that recasts and replaced 98/37/ED directive and its amendments, came into force on 29 June 2006; it will not be applied until 29th December 2009. European Member States have a lead-time of two years to adopt and publish the national laws and regulations transposing the provisions of the new Directive into national law. Latest 10th October, Spain transposed Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC to national regulation as Real Decreto 1644/2008 [Real Decreto 1644/2008, de 10 de octubre, por el que se establecen las normas para la comercialización y puesta en servicio de las máquinas. BOE 246/2008, de 11 octubre 2008. Páginas 40995–41030]) of a particular family of machinery (hand-held, medium and small-size, deeply introduced in the market, of low-medium cost), that any user, professional or non-professional, can acquire as first-hand in any of the sales points (whether or not experts in these kind of products).At the same time, it emphasises the most significant shortcomings and non-conformities found, after analyzing the results of five consecutive Campaigns of Control of Industrial Products performed by one of the labs (placed in Spain) involved in the market surveillance European Program.     

Variations in expression of carbon isotope fractionation of chlorinated ethenes during biologically enhanced PCE dissolution close to a source zone

The stable carbon isotope values of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and its degradation products were monitored during studies of biologically enhanced dissolution of PCE dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) to determine the effect of PCE dissolution on observed isotope values. The degradation of PCE was monitored in a 2-dimensional model aquifer and in a pilot test cell (PTC) at Dover Air Force Base, both with emplaced PCE DNAPL sources. Within the plume down gradient from the source, the isotopic fractionation of dissolved PCE and its degradation products were consistent with those observed in biodegradation laboratory studies. However, close to the source zone significant shifts in the isotope values of dissolved PCE were not observed in either the model aquifer or PTC due to the constant input of newly dissolved, non fractionated PCE, and the small isotopic fractionation associated with PCE reductive dechlorination by the mixed microbial culture used. Therefore the identification of reductive dechlorination in the presence of PCE DNAPL was based upon the appearance of daughter products and the isotope values of those daughter products. An isotope model was developed to simulate isotope values of PCE during the dissolution and degradation of PCE adjacent to a DNAPL source zone. With the exception of very high degradation rate constants (>1/day) stable carbon isotope values of PCE estimated by the model remained within error of the isotope value of the PCE DNAPL, consistent with measured isotope values in the model aquifer and in the PTC.     

Fate of CL-20 in sandy soils: degradation products as potential markers of natural attenuation

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is an emerging explosive that may replace the currently used explosives such as RDX and HMX, but little is known about its fate in soil. The present study was conducted to determine degradation products of CL-20 in two sandy soils under abiotic and biotic anaerobic conditions. Biotic degradation was prevalent in the slightly acidic VT soil, which contained a greater organic C content, while the slightly alkaline SAC soil favored hydrolysis. CL-20 degradation was accompanied by the formation of formate, glyoxal, nitrite, ammonium, and nitrous oxide. Biotic degradation of CL-20 occurred through the formation of its denitrohydrogenated derivative (m/z 393 Da) while hydrolysis occurred through the formation of a ring cleavage product (m/z 156 Da) that was tentatively identified as CH₂N-C(N-NO₂)-CHN-CHO or its isomer N(NO₂)CH-CHN-CO-CHNH. Due to their chemical specificity, these two intermediates may be considered as markers of in situ attenuation of CL-20 in soil.     

基于虚拟样机的电子产品振动疲劳寿命评估方法

为研究随机振动对电子设备元器件寿命的影响,应用虚拟样机技术与随机振动疲劳模型,评估器件及电路板的随机振动疲劳寿命。重点介绍了基于虚拟的电子产品随机振动疲劳寿命的虚拟评估方法的具体流程,并以具体电路板为例进行了随机振动疲劳寿命分析。