乡村旅游生态足迹结构与特征研究——以北京市延庆县柳沟村为例

通过对北京市郊县柳沟村的实证研究,得到乡村旅游生态足迹的特点和构成.研究发现,各类生态系统服务多功能性节约了部分生态足迹,该村60万游客2011年生态足迹为2266.724chm2,平均0.003778chm2/人,是一种生态足迹较小的旅游方式;占用土地类型比例依次是化石能源地45.37％、可耕地44.79％、水域9.69％、建成地0.15％.从旅游环节来看,食宿、交通、游购娱、废弃物处理比例分别为46.06％、27.25％、22.54％、4.15％.由于本地不具备生产条件或生产优势,食物贸易转移了部分生态足迹,目的地发展旅游业可提高生态效率和社会效益.     

我国生态环境资产负债表编制框架研究*

本文根据生态环境资产负债表的基本概念和理论,提出了生态环境资产负债表编制的总体框架,同时,针对环境容量资产、环境质量产品、生态产品资产的特点,分别建立了相应框架体系,提出了环境资产负债表的应用决策方向。本文研究成果对于确立统一的生态环境资产核算标准和方法、使我国生态环境资产负债核算工作逐步规范化、制度化的轨道具有重要的现实意义。     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Abstract

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^?1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^?1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^?1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^?1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^?1 and 0.22 ppm hr^?1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Lichen Conservation in Heavily Managed Boreal Forests

Lichens are an important component of the boreal forest, where they are long lived, tend to accumulate in older stands, and are a major food source for the threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). To be fully sustainable, silvicultural practices in the boreal forest must include the conservation of ecological integrity. Dominant forest management practices, however, have short‐term negative effects on lichen diversity, particularly the application of herbicides. To better understand the long‐term effects of forest management, we examined lichen regeneration in 35 mixed black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forest stands across northern Ontario to determine recovery following logging and postharvest silvicultural practices. Our forest stands were 25–40 years old and had undergone 3 common sivilcultural treatments that included harvested and planted; harvested, planted, and treated with N‐[phosphonomethyl] glycine (glyphosate); and harvested, planted, and treated with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D). Forest stands with herbicide treatments had lower lichen biomass and higher beta and gamma diversity than planted stands that were not treated chemically or control stands. In northwestern Ontario, planted stands that were not treated chemically had significantly greater (p < 0.05) alpha diversity than stands treated with herbicides or control stands. Our results show that common silvicultural practices do not emulate natural disturbances caused by wildfires in the boreal forest for the lichen community. We suggest a reduction in the amount of chemical application be considered in areas where lichen biomass is likely to be high and where the recovery of woodland caribou is an objective. Conservación de Líquenes en Bosques Boreales Manejados Intensivamente     

张家口地区生态可持续性评价研究

张家口市生态环境比较脆弱。经济上属于河北省落后地区，且近邻首都北京，因此它的发展不断引起人们的关注。本文选用了由加拿大生态学家Rees和Wackenagel等提出的生态足迹模型，对张家口地区进行可持续发展的定量测算。结果表明：张家口市自1990年到2000年一直处于不可持续状态，且人均生态赤字呈逐年增大的趋势。针对这种情况，本文提出全面发展精细农业、促进工业升级以及以“人”为本的区域发展对策。     

厦门海岸带湿地变化的研究

通过“压力-状态-响应”分析模型，对厦门海岸带湿地变化的主要原因（压力）、成分退化和结构改变（状态）以及对厦门海岸带生态系统的主要影响（响应力）之间的作用机制进行了探讨。提出厦门海岸带湿地面临的主要压力来自海岸带围垦造地、近海滩涂养殖和九龙江河口输入；状态变化突出表现在浅海海域面积的减少。红树林的面积减少。近岸泥沙淤积。沉积物类型改变和沉积物污染；主要影响是造成厦门海域水质下降、近海底橙生物类型改变、航道泥沙淤积、水产养殖产量下降和珍稀海洋物种分布和数量改变。     

Uncovering the Connections Among Sustainability, Governance and GDP

This paper examines the connections among sustainability, governance and GDP, using the data from 123 countries. Sustainability is found to be related with GDP in two contradictory ways. On the one hand, growth in GDP strengthens a nation＇s ability to maintain favorable environmental conditions into the future. On the other hand, GDP growth is built on more consumption of natural resources, and therefore generates a larger ＂foot-print＂ on the Earth. Governance plays a key role in sustainable development. However, it is not helping to reduce our footprint on the Earth. In fact, good governance is linked to a larger footprint. This reflects our materialist value and human impulse. When a society prefers the comfort and wellbeing of human beings to the welfare of its environment, democratic governance might be used as an effective tool against nature.     

灞卞湴鏅尯鐢熸€佽冻杩瑰垎鏋愨€斺€斾互搴愬北涓轰緥

鏍规嵁鍖哄煙鏈簳鐢熸€佽冻杩瑰拰鏃呮父鐢熸€佽冻杩圭殑璁＄畻妯″瀷,瀵瑰簮灞辩殑鐢熸€佽冻杩硅繘琛屼簡鍒嗘瀽璁＄畻,缁撴灉琛ㄦ槑(1)搴愬北鐢熸€佽冻杩归渶姹備负0.354 603 hm2,鍏朵腑鍖哄煙鏈簳鐢熸€佽冻杩逛负0.343 510 hm2,鏃呮父鐢熸€佽冻杩逛负0.011 093 hm2.(2)搴愬北鍙埄鐢ㄧ殑浜哄潎鐢熸€佹壙杞藉姏涓?.219 805 hm2,浜哄潎鐢熸€佽丹瀛楄揪O.123 543 hm2,鍏朵腑鏃呮父鐢熸€佽冻杩瑰崰鎬昏丹瀛楃殑3.13%.(3)鍦ㄩ渶姹傝冻杩圭粨鏋勪腑鍗?8.31%鐨勫寲鐭宠兘婧愬湴,澶уぇ瓒呰繃浜嗗簮灞辩殑鎵胯浇鍔涢潰绉?鑷翠娇搴愬北鐨勭敓鎬佺幆澧冧繚鎶ょ殑鍘嬪姏涓嶆柇鍔犻噸.(4)搴愬北鍗曚綅鏃呮父鐢熸€佽冻杩逛骇鍊间负33缇庡厓/hm2,鍏朵腑鍗曚綅鏃呮父娓歌銆佹梾娓镐綇瀹垮拰鏃呮父璐墿鐨勪骇鍊艰緝楂?鏃呮父浜ら€氬拰鏃呮父椁愰ギ鐨勫崟浣嶄骇鍊肩浉瀵硅緝浣?鏃呮父浜у€艰繕鏈夎緝澶х殑鍙戝睍绌洪棿.(5)鏀垮簻閮ㄩ棬鍜岀ぞ浼氬悇鐣屽繀椤绘帹杩涙洿涓虹郴缁熷寲鐨勬棤闅滅鏃呮父涓?杞彉楂樿兘鑰楃殑缁忔祹鍙戝睍閬撹矾,浠庤€岄檷浣庡崟浣嶇粡娴庢晥鐩婄殑鐢熸€佽冻杩?瀹炵幇搴愬北鐨勫彲鎸佺画鍙戝睍.     

珠江上游少数民族县域经济活动的累积环境效应研究--以贵州三都水族自治县为例

为了探索珠江上游少数民族区域经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全，我们选择三都水族自治县作为定位研究基地．对建国以来区域内经济活动变迁进行历史、现状研究和综合评估，揭示历史时期发展政策、发展模式、重大经济活动等人为扰动因素在区域生态环境系统退化过程中的作用．评估少数民族经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全。     

清江流域自然旅游资源调查与评价方法

根据清江流域自然旅游资源的特色，首先提出了一套对其进行详细系统的调查方法：（１）利用遥感数字图象处理技术及航、卫片解译结果，圈出潜在景区及潜在景点；（２）详细调查、收集及整理清江流域各市、镇已有资料，填写旅游资源调查登记卡片；（３）在（１），（２）基础上，对主要潜在景区及景点进行野外现场调研。然后，以调查结果为前提，提出了采用综合评分法，模糊数学评价方法，信息量评价方法，神经网络评价方法及地理信息