Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

Structure and activity of thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities exposed to quaternary ammonium sanitizer

Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary.     

寒冷地区室内环境空气质量及其影响因素分析研究

以哈尔滨市2011年-2015年室内环境空气数据资料为基础,通过描述统计和数学模型分析了寒冷地区室内环境空气质量的变化趋势和影响因素.分析结果表明,寒冷地区室内环境空气质量随着人们对室内装修材料的不断重视和对健康的生活不懈追求呈逐年好转趋势;室内环境空气质量季节差别明显,房屋室内温湿度高有利于污染物从家具建材等装修材料中向空气中释放,从而使室内空气较差;室内装修材料使用多少、装修程度复杂或简单,都与室内环境空气质量呈正相关关系.     

城郊农业区小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响

以位于湖南省长沙市城郊农业区的金脱河流域为研究区域,通过解译2009年的Spot-5卫星遥感图获取了小流域的土地利用图;结合流域的DEM图,利用ArcGIS 9.3的水文、空间分析模块将流域划分为若干个子流域,分析各子流域的土地利用结构.从2009年12月～2010年11月在各子流域出口处采取水样,分析其TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N输出浓度、输出量的时空变化特征以及与土地利用结构、施肥等因素之间的关系.结果表明,流域径流氮素污染严重,其TN、NH4+-N输出浓度呈明显的季节变化特征,为冬季>春季>夏、秋季,而NO3--N的输出浓度的季节差异较小.流域内的土地利用结构对NO3--N的输出浓度起着重要的控制作用,林地、水面表现为源作用,水田、旱地、居民地为汇作用;不同的时间尺度上土地利用结构对其影响不同,年度尺度上对NO3--N输出影响最大的为旱地,春夏季为林地,秋冬季为旱地.TN、NH4+-N的输出浓度与土地利用结构的相关性较差,各形态氮素的输出量与纯氮施用量、人口数、养猪量表现为极显著正相关.     

新颖性染料脱色菌株的筛选及脱色效果研究

文章首次尝试以新颖筛选方法对台湾及大陆两岸当地微生物自然生态中,以非偶氮染料脱色作为优势筛选条件,以筛选出可有效电子传递于非偶氮染料RB198脱色的混菌,再进行优势纯化分离,以得到可对非偶氮染料具有强电子传递脱色能力的菌株。再藉此特性来研究其对偶氮染料电子传递生物脱色的特性。结果表明,通过脱色测试及蛋白质电泳初步筛选出4种对非偶氮染料RB198具有较优异脱色能力的菌株,并进行16S rRNA分析,此4株纯菌分别为Microvirgula aerodenitrificans,Acinetobacter guillouiae,Pseudomonas sp.,Rahnella aquatilis。其中Rahnella aquatilis DX2b,Microvirgula aerodenitrificans SH7b为脱色新菌株,文章首度发表其具有脱色性能,对非偶氮染料RB198及偶氮染料RB160,OrangeⅠ有优异脱色能力。     

武夷新区土地利用变化及景观格局研究

以2010年的LandsatTM遥感影像图和武夷新区总体规划中新区2030年土地利用规划图为基础数据,在RS和GIS技术支持下,结合马尔科夫模型和景观生态学方法分析了未来武夷新区的土地利用与案观格局变化。结果表明：在规划实施后,建设用地通过占用耕地和林地而大面积增加,使得林地和耕地相应减少,人类活动对景观的干扰强度增大,区域景观斑块形状趋于规则简单化,斑块总数有所减少,平均斑块面积增大,景观连接度增强,破碎化程度降低,景观多样性增加。     

发展低碳经济建设生态环保城市

生态环保城市的建设,必须走低碳经济之路。要大力发展生态环保产业,调整高碳产业结构,提高城市生态环保的意识。     

海洋生态经济协调发展研究综述

随着海洋资源开发的规模化推进,海洋经济快速增长,海洋自然生态系统急剧衰退,海洋生态经济矛盾日益尖锐,海洋生态经济协调发展研究已成为近年来海洋生态学、海洋经济学以及生态经济学研究领域的热点和难点问题。本文从海洋生态经济的价值贡献、问题危机、安全评估、关系模型、综合管理等5个方面回顾分析了国内外有关海洋生态经济协调发展研究的进展情况,发现与陆域生态经济协调发展研究相比,海洋生态经济协调发展研究无论在理论构建还是方法创新上都存在滞后性。     

DNA提取方法对活性污泥微生物多样性PCR-DGGE检测的影响

评价超声波法、2种基于SDS的裂解法、改进的化学裂解法、微波法和冻融 玻璃珠 溶菌酶 SDS等6种DNA提取方法对活性污泥微生物多样性PCR-DGGE检测的影响.结果表明,2种不同的DNA纯化方式(溶液和胶纯化)及PCR扩增方式(直接和巢式PCR)对DGGE结果没有明显的影响,但不同的DNA提取方法对DGGE结果有明显的影响,其中2种基于SDS裂解法的DGGE条带较多,其提取的DNA产量(14.85μg/g湿重)和纯度(OD260:OD280＞1.80)也最高;改进的化学裂解法和微波法次之;超声波法、冻融 玻璃珠 溶菌酶 SDS法较少.研究表明,DNA提取方法是影响活性污泥微生物多样性PCR-DGGE检测结果的关键因素,基于SDS的裂解法是用于活性污泥微生物多样性PCR-DGGE研究的一种简便、可靠的总DNA提取方法.     

平朔安太堡矿区复垦地土壤微生物与土壤性质关系的研究

调查安太堡大型露天矿区西排土场植被恢复与土壤微生物的关系.结果表明,土壤中微生物量与土壤中的水分、速效磷、土壤有机质、有效性氮和海拔高度有明显的关系.麦地、林地、草地的土壤中呈现出:细菌》放线菌》固氮菌》霉菌;撂荒地呈现为:细菌》放线菌》霉菌》固氮菌;裸地呈现出:细菌》放线菌》霉菌.细菌、放线菌和霉菌呈现麦地最高,裸地最低,固氮菌为林地高于其他样地.在撂荒地和裸地中,细菌占微生物总量的一半以上.麦地、林地、草地、撂荒地中的各种菌、速效磷、土壤有机质、有效性氮含量明显高于裸地中的含量.微生物总量和样地的海拔、样地土壤的含水率有明显的关系,土壤中的含水量直接影响微生物总量.微生物总量与速效磷含量和有机质含量成正比,有机质含量与有效性氮含量成正比.细菌与海拔呈极显著负相关,与其他几种养分指标呈极显著正相关,放线菌与海拔和速效磷呈极显著相关,与其他指标相关性不显著,固氮菌与几种养分指标相关性均不显著.按全国土壤养分划分标准,安太堡大型露天矿区复垦地等级不高,还需要用科学的方法加快复垦区土壤的恢复.