新疆某油田企业两轮清洁生产审核效益分析

新疆某油田企业于2007年进行了第一轮清洁生产审核工作,确定了清洁生产方案14项,其中无／低费方案9项,中／高费方案5项,产生的直接、间接经济效益总计为4057．27万元／a。该企业于2011年完成了第二轮清洁生产审核,确定了清洁生产方案14项,其中无／低费方案6项,中／高费方案8项,总计清洁生产方案产生经济效益1954．142万元／a。通过两轮清洁生产审核工作,企业产生了较好的经济效益与环境效益。     

人类活动对流域旱涝事件影响研究进展

人类活动对流域旱涝事件具有决定性影响,已经成为国内外热点研究问题之一。通过系统分析国内外人类活动对流域旱涝事件影响机理的研究,结果表明:人类活动导致大气温室气体和气溶胶含量上升,全球气候变化加剧,导致流域极端水文过程时空格局改变。另一方面,人类活动引起的土地退化将影响流域水资源时空分布和水循环过程,削弱流域防洪抗旱能力;水利工程的修建将增大流域储水状况,有效应对流域旱涝事件,但同时存在加剧流域旱涝事件的风险。此外,论文还概述了人类活动对流域旱涝事件影响的量化方法。     

治理修复型水生态补偿问题分析

流域生态补偿已成为水文水资源领域的一个热门研究课题,也是解决水资源开发利用过程中区域用水矛盾、生态破坏的一种有效途径。从流域生态破坏的不同层面和根源出发,结合流域整体协调发展的管理策略和行动计划,给出流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施目标。从双方自由博弈纳什均衡的层面出发,进行实施流域水生态补偿的经济最优条件分析;结合生态补偿产生的经济学原理,给出影响流域水生态补偿实施的相关性分析。针对流域生态治理中遇到的实际问题,阐述影响流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施细节。     

经济增长质量与能源效率是一致的吗?

论文从全社会节能的角度提出全社会能源效率的概念,构建了经济增长质量指标体系,并基于1997—2007 年中国30 个省份的面板数据,采用Malmquist DEA方法测算了广义技术进步指数并进行分解,然后运用面板方法分析了经济增长质量与能源效率的作用机制,研究结果表明经济增长质量与能源效率是不完全一致的,具体表现为:改善环境质量与提高能源效率是一致的,技术进步与产业结构升级能够促进能源效率,但出口比重的增加和生活水平的提高会抑制能源效率的改进。技术进步、技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率对全社会能源效率有正向影响,技术效率的作用大于技术进步,纯技术效率和规模效率的下降削弱了技术进步的正向作用。     

Principal sustainability components: empirical analysis of synergies between the three pillars of sustainability

Starting from the concept of three fundamental sustainability dimensions (environmental, social, and economic), this study investigated professional contributions to sustainability by means of principal component analysis (PCA). Graduates from the Environmental Sciences program (N?=?542) at ETH Zurich described their best professional contributions to sustainable development. Next, they evaluated whether their best practice example contributed to achieving any of the five environmental, social, and economic objectives of the Swiss national sustainability strategy. These judgments served as the basis for a PCA aiming to identify principal sustainability components (PSCs) covering typical synergies between sustainability objectives within and transcending the three fundamental dimensions. Three PSCs capturing important synergies were identified. PSC 1 Product and Process Development reflects how ecological innovation and modernization can generate social and economic benefits and at the same time facilitate the reduction in use of as well as the responsible use of natural resources. PSC 2 Education and Social Economics reflects how educational activities and sociocultural sustainability initiatives can simultaneously promote income and employment, social and human capital, and free personal development. PSC 3 Protection of Nature and Humans covers the synergetic benefits which protection of natural spaces and biodiversity and the reduction of environmental risks have for the protection of health and safety of the population. The study also revealed that integration of environmental, social, and economic aspects is often connected to conflicts between these dimensions. However, contributions which consider the economic situation of future generations or enhance social and human capital achieved considerable integration but showed no inclination toward such conflicts.     

Prioritising development planning in the Indian semi-arid Deccan using sustainable livelihood security index approach

This paper presents the status of sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) of Karnataka, the most drought prone state in the Southern part of India. Computation of ecological security index, economic efficiency index and social equity index, and finally SLSI were carried out at the district level for the entire state, using empirical data. The selected indicators were first normalised, and then using estimated weights, indices were computed. The results indicate that the state has a very low SLSI with only 27.6% of total geographical area (TGA) and 21.7% of population being placed in the ‘sustainable’ and ‘highly sustainable’ categories (covering 10 districts) while only 34% of the TGA covering six districts falls in the ‘moderately sustainable’ category. The remaining area, confined mostly to the northern parts of the state, comprising 14 districts (51.8% of the state’s TGA) is categorised as ‘less sustainable’ and ‘very less sustainable’ exposing 44.4% (27.14 million) of state’s population to the perils of uncertain rainfall, high soil erosion rates, high social inequality and poor resource use efficiency. There is an urgent need to reorient development programmes and prioritise development investments in these vulnerable districts so that they are provided resources and opportunities to improve their ecological (more forest cover and less soil erosion), economic (higher agricultural productivity) and social (improved health and education facilities and rural infrastructure) status and achieve sustainable levels of livelihood.     

森林净生态系统生产力及其生物影响因子研究进展

在全球大气二氧化碳浓度上升的背景下,陆地生态系统碳循环及碳汇功能研究得到了广泛的关注,日益成为今后的政治和外交的重大议题之一.净生态系统生产力(net ecosystem production, NEP)是生态系统光合固定的碳与生态系统呼吸损失的碳之间的差值;或者为生态系统净的碳积累速率.NEP 的研究整合生态系统地上和地下部分,把生态系统碳循环的影响因子有机地联系了起来.当NEP为正值时,说明生态系统为碳汇,NEP为负值则表明生态系统为碳源.随着植物和土壤相互联系及其对生态系统过程研究的深入,NEP已经成为生态系统碳循环研究的核心概念之一.以森林NEP为出发点,综述了国内外的最近的 NEP 研究进展,分析了 NEP 研究的科学意义;探讨了植物群落组成/生物多样性、土壤微生物群落、大型/土壤动物和人为的管理或干扰等生物因子对NEP的影响.根据综述研究提出未来研究应在:(1)土壤生物过程、土壤食物网及其与地上部分植物/动物相互作用对NEP的影响;(2)自然林生物多样性的竞争/共存机制与生态系统碳吸存稳定性;(3)人工林固碳潜力和不同植物功能群(灌草层)对生态系统碳动态影响等方面加强,以期为全面认识生物因子对森林生态系统系统固碳现状、机制和潜力提供理论基础.     

镉胁迫对吊兰生长与土壤酶活性的影响

选用观赏植物吊兰进行盆栽试验,研究了吊兰对Cd的耐性、高浓度Cd胁迫对土壤酶活性以及土壤有效态Cd含量的影响.结果表明,随着Cd浓度的不断提高,脲酶活性显著下降.过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性在Cd浓度为10 mg.kg-1的时候均达到了顶峰,而土壤磷酸酶活性则在Cd浓度为50 mg.kg-1的时候最大.4种土壤酶对重金属的敏感顺序为:脲酶>磷酸酶>蔗糖酶>过氧化氢酶.吊兰对Cd具有很强的耐性,在1500 mg.kg-1Cd胁迫浓度范围内,吊兰对Cd的耐性指数均大于50%.土壤有效态Cd与土壤Cd添加量和土壤酶活性呈显著相关性,可将土壤有效态Cd含量和土壤酶活性这两类指标作为镉污染土壤的评价指标.     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

秸秆还田配施化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响

土壤微生物学特性是表征土壤质量的重要生物学指标。通过田间试验研究了秸秆还田配施不同配比化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响。结果表明,与单施秸秆相比,秸秆还田配施N、P、K及微生物菌剂后,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和尿酶活性分别提高了37.5%~68.8%、32.3%~61.5%和48.8%~102%,细菌和真菌数量分别提高了95.3%~174%、286%~351%,放线菌数量减少了34.5%~39.4%,差异显著。统计分析显示,土壤过氧化氢酶与尿酶活性之间及其酶活性与微生物数量之间关系密切。氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量主要控制土壤过氧化氢酶活性,真菌数量是转化酶活性的主要影响因素,而尿酶活性主要受细菌数量影响。秸秆还田配施微生物菌剂及平衡施肥可以促进酶活性的增强,使土壤微生物群落物种个体数增加更多,分布更为均匀。过量施用氮肥会抑制土壤酶活性和微生物的生长和繁殖。