改革开放30年人的发展:评价与反思

传统的“唯GDP ”的经济发展方式成为中国未来经济可持续发展的桎梏,转变发展方式,提高经济增长质量,倡导共享式、包容性增长成为中国经济发展的新主题,而这种发展模式的基本导向就是促进“人的发展”.基于这样一个视角,本文依据经济增长质量提高的要求,从人的素质、人的福利、人的保障、人的迁移4个方面构建综合评价指标体系,对改革开放30年人的发展程度进行了测度与评价.评价结果显示:随着经济不断发展,30年间中国人的发展状况得到明显提高,但是人的发展指数以及人的素质指数、人的福利指数、人的保障指数、人的迁移指数、经济状况指数、资源环境指数仍需不断改善.未来中国在提高增长质量的过程中要促进人的发展,强调经济发展与人的发展的协调,树立“以人为本”的发展理念,着眼于人性,重视人的存在、人的价值、人的意义,建立促进人的素质和能力提升的机制和体制,确定以“富民”为目标的经济发展道路,实现人的发展与生态环境协调发展的有机统一.     

兰州市城关区2000年春季大气气溶胶特征及分析

通过对兰州市城关区2000年春季大气气溶胶的监测,分析了该地区总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的质量浓度及飘尘的粒径分布规律.结果表明:春季该地区TSP及飘尘的污染十分严重;TSP的质量浓度的日变化为双峰型;粗粒子在飘尘中的比例比较大;气象条件、人为活动规律对TSP的质量浓度变化规律及飘尘的粒径分布规律影响较大.      

论总量控制与排污权交易

从总量控制与排污权交易的基本内涵和相互联系出发,分析了总量控制与排污权交易一体化政策对于环境经济、环境管理、企业管理及宏观经济等领域的意义,并提出了实施总量控制与排污权交易的政策条件.     

广东省环境库兹涅茨特征分析

介绍了环境库兹涅茨假说经验结论,对其所涉及的环境质量随着经济增长出现"先恶化,后改善"的现象进行了分析,指出环境质量的变化不会自动产生,必须在环境政策的干预下才能实现.结合广东省废水、废气以及COD_Cr和SO₂等污染物排放量及经济增长数据,构建了广东省环境库兹涅茨曲线,实证分析了广东省经济增长与环境质量之间的关系;经过"十五"以来的环境综合整治,广东省废水和废气排放总量正在并将逐渐继续下降,部分环境指标正在接近转折点.      

硫化物在厌氧污泥中的分布和对产甲烷活性的抑制作用

在不同的pH值和温度下,对硫化物在厌氧污泥中的分布特征及对污泥产甲烷活性的抑制作用进行了研究.结果表明,硫化物浓度低于120mgS·l-1时,抑制作用主要由系统的pH值升高引起的,大于120mgS·l-1时,主要由液相中高浓度的硫化物引起;当硫化物浓度达160mgS·l-1时,H2S逸出量达到最大,污泥对硫化物的吸附也趋于饱和.pH值升高增加了污泥对硫化物的吸附,H2S逸出量降低;温度升高有利于吸附的硫化物向液相转移,并使H2S逸出量迅速增大.     

RIPARIAN ZONE CLASSIFICATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF STREAM WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH1

ABSTRACT: Riparian zones perform a variety of biophysical functions that can be managed to reduce the effects of land use on instream habitat and water quality. However, the functions and human uses of riparian zones vary with biophysical factors such as landform, vegetation, and position along the stream continuum. These variations mean that “one size fits all” approaches to riparian management can be ineffective for reducing land use impacts. Thus riparian management planning at the watershed scale requires a framework that can consider spatial differences in riparian functions and human uses We describe a pilot riparian zone classification developed to provide such a framework for riparian management in two diverse river systems in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Ten classes of riparian zones were identified that differed sufficiently in their biophysical features to require different management. Generic “first steps” and “best practical” riparian management recommendations and associated costs were developed for each riparian class. The classification aims to not only improve our understanding of the effectiveness of riparian zone management as a watershed management tool among water managers and land owners, but to also provide a basis for deciding on management actions.     

可持续发展原则下的经济全球化构建

经济全球化的趋势不可避免,它的发展阶段和特征表明,建立在可持续发展原则下的经济全球化,才能维系人类文明的健康发展。     

Benefits of Investing in Ecosystem Restoration

Measures aimed at conservation or restoration of ecosystems are often seen as net‐cost projects by governments and businesses because they are based on incomplete and often faulty cost‐benefit analyses. After screening over 200 studies, we examined the costs (94 studies) and benefits (225 studies) of ecosystem restoration projects that had sufficient reliable data in 9 different biomes ranging from coral reefs to tropical forests. Costs included capital investment and maintenance of the restoration project, and benefits were based on the monetary value of the total bundle of ecosystem services provided by the restored ecosystem. Assuming restoration is always imperfect and benefits attain only 75% of the maximum value of the reference systems over 20 years, we calculated the net present value at the social discount rates of 2% and 8%. We also conducted 2 threshold cum sensitivity analyses. Benefit‐cost ratios ranged from about 0.05:1 (coral reefs and coastal systems, worst‐case scenario) to as much as 35:1 (grasslands, best‐case scenario). Our results provide only partial estimates of benefits at one point in time and reflect the lower limit of the welfare benefits of ecosystem restoration because both scarcity of and demand for ecosystem services is increasing and new benefits of natural ecosystems and biological diversity are being discovered. Nonetheless, when accounting for even the incomplete range of known benefits through the use of static estimates that fail to capture rising values, the majority of the restoration projects we analyzed provided net benefits and should be considered not only as profitable but also as high‐yielding investments. Beneficios de Invertir en la Restauración de Ecosistemas     

Using deep-belief networks to understand propensity for livelihood change in a rural coastal community to further conservation

Overharvesting of terrestrial and marine resources may be alleviated by encouraging an alternative configuration of livelihoods, particularly in rural communities in developing countries. Typical occupations in such areas include fishing and farming, and rural households often switch livelihood activities to suit climate and economic conditions. We used a machine-learning tool, deep-belief networks (DBN), and data from surveys of a rural Philippine coastal community to examine household desire to change livelihood. This desire is affected by a variety of factors, such as income, family needs, and feelings of work satisfaction, that are interrelated in complex ways. In farming households, livelihood changes often occur to diversify resources, increase income, and lessen economic risk. The DBN, given its multilayer perceptron structure, has a capacity to model nonlinear relationships among factors while providing an acceptable degree of accuracy. Relative to a set of 34 features (e.g., education, boat ownership, and work satisfaction), we examined the binary response variables desire to change work or not to change work. The best network had a test set accuracy of 97.5%. Among the features, 7 significantly affected desire to shift work: ethnicity, work satisfaction, number of persons in a household in ill health, number of fighting cocks owned, fishing engagement, buy-and-sell revenue, and educational level. A cross-correlation matrix of these 7 features indicated households less inclined to change work were those engaged in fishing and retail buying and selling. For fishing, provision of economic and other incentives should be considered to encourage changing from this occupation to allow recovery of fishery resources.     

中国循环经济发展规划的进展探讨

当前循环经济的研究工作在中国深入展开,与此相适应的循环经济规划的编制和实施工作紧密进行.文章围绕规划的理论基础、现实意义,以及基本元素构成进行介绍.就开展规划编制工作的现状展开综述,归纳所取得的成绩与存在的缺陷、待解决或完善的内容.从我国实际并行的若干规划出发,初步阐释其与循环经济规划协调的原理.现阶段的循环经济探索主要还是基于环境,其可能的经济属性的严重探究不足.试行循环经济规划之后增加的再生成本等其他相关问题在后一阶段的规划推进中需深入考虑.