Nitrogen mediates above-ground effects of ozone but not below-ground effects in a rhizomatous sedge

Ozone and atmospheric nitrogen are co-occurring pollutants with adverse effects on natural grassland vegetation. Plants of the rhizomatous sedge Carex arenaria were exposed to four ozone regimes representing increasing background concentrations (background-peak): 10-30, 35-55, 60-80 and 85-105 ppb ozone at two nitrogen levels: 12 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Ozone increased the number and proportion of senesced leaves, but not overall leaf number. There was a clear nitrogen × ozone interaction with high nitrogen reducing proportional senescence in each treatment and increasing the ozone dose (AOT40) at which enhanced senescence occurred. Ozone reduced total biomass due to significant effects on root biomass. There were no interactive effects on shoot:root ratio. Rhizome tissue N content was increased by both nitrogen and ozone. Results suggest that nitrogen mediates above-ground impacts of ozone but not impacts on below-ground resource translocation. This may lead to complex interactive effects between the two pollutants on natural vegetation.     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: Synthesis through meta-analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent organic pollutants with high carcinogenic effect and toxicity; their behavior and fate in the soil-plant system have been widely investigated. In the present paper, meta-analysis was used to explore the interaction between plant growth and dissipation of PAHs in soil based on the large body of published literature. Plants have a promoting effect on PAH dissipation in soils. There was no difference in PAH dissipation between soils contaminated with single and mixed PAHs. However, plants had a more obvious effect on PAH dissipation in freshly-spiked soils than in long-term field-polluted soils. Additionally, a positive effect of the number of microbial populations capable of degrading PAHs was observed in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Our meta-analysis established the importance of the rhizosphere effect on PAH dissipation in variety of the soil-plant systems.     

The Introduction of the Precautionary Principle in Danish Environmental Policy: The Case of Plant Growth Retardants

In this paper, we investigate the Precautionary Principle (PP) in action. Precaution is a fairly new concept in environmental policy. It emerged back in the 1960s but did not consolidate until the 1980s, as it formed part of the major changes taking place in environmental policies at that time. The PP is examined in three contexts. Firstly, we look at the meaning of the concept and how it is disseminated through the media and public discourses to the political arenas of Denmark. Then we examine how the idea is adopted to the political level. Thirdly, we look briefly at the first Danish translation of the principle into a practical context, which includes translations into concrete scientific practices. It is concluded that if the PP shall be more than a simple “idea” or a frequently used “term,” emphasis must be put on the transformation of the concept into concrete practices, like e.g., the alternative testing regimes that we show in the case of plant growth-retarding pesticides presented in this paper.     

钝顶螺旋藻在有机污水处理方面的应用初探

以钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina Platenis)A9、A9L(藻体长直型)2种藻株为实验材料,研究了不同浓度苯酚(Phenol)对2种藻株生长的影响。结果显示:①低浓度苯酚能促进实验藻株生长;②不同藻株对苯酚浓度敏感性和忍受力有差异;③钝顶螺旋藻A9、A9L藻株可用于含低浓度苯酚的有机污水处理。     

城乡生态经济交错区农地城市流转决策博弈研究

在城市化过程中,城乡生态经济交错区的农地被占用是一种普遍现象。在我国,农地城市流转是通过土地征用而实现的,即我国农地城市流转决策属于政府行为,因此,从决策主体行为出发,研究农地城市流转,对于我国城市化的正常推进以及农地的有效保护具有重要的现实意义。研究得出,在现有的制度安排下,地方政府更加注重区域农地流转的经济发展,村干部往往是政策的执行者,而农民在决策中往往处于弱势地位,对于农地流转决策影响不大。可见,要控制农地过量向城市流转,必须树立科学的发展观,完善决策机制,规范征地行为,提高农民参与权。     

机械系统的风险概率与经济性安全评价方法研究与应用

针对机械事故频发,为预防和控制事故,依据安全评价发展方向,结合安全系统工程、模糊可靠性理论、人因可靠性技术和安全经济学,从人-机-环3方面分析风险评价因素,建立符合客观实际的风险评价模型,提出包括人为因素、机械设备和环境在内的基本事件失效概率估算方法;以安全经济学的角度将事故严重度量化为风险经济损失,根据每个风险因素的风险概率和风险经济损失来选择风险评价项目,通过检查评价项目状况,最终得出系统风险度,从而形成关于机械系统的定量风险概率与经济性安全评价方法。并给出起重机大车运行机构的工程示例,验证该方法的正确性和可行性。     

我国沿海城市海底地质灾害易损性评价

为了解我国沿海海底地质灾害易损性相对分布状况,在阐述海底地质灾害易损性含义和特征的基础上,设计包含15个指标的海底地质灾害易损性评价体系,借助层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,计算我国沿海53座地级以上城市的社会经济易损性。结果表明:我国沿海53座地级以上城市只有深圳市处于较高易损区;大连、上海、福州、宁波、广州、汕头、湛江等7座城市处于中等易损区,沧州、丹东、锦州、营口、盘锦、葫芦岛、杭州、绍兴、滨州、东莞、防城港、钦州、三亚等13座城市处于很小易损区,其余32座城市在较小易损性的范围内。为降低沿海城市海底地质灾害易损性,必须采取有效的防治措施。     

低碳城市和创新型城市双试点效果评估——基于绿色经济转型视角

全面系统评估环境规制政策协同效应对绿色经济效率的影响,对于推动生态文明建设具有重要的意义。文章基于2006—2020年281个地级市的样本数据,运用多期双重差分模型评估双试点政策对绿色经济效率的影响。研究发现：(1)相比于非试点城市,双试点政策的实施使试点城市的绿色经济效率提升约8.29%,此结论在经过平行趋势等稳健性检验后依旧成立;(2)双试点政策比单试点政策更能显著提高绿色经济效率,政策间存在协同效应;(3)双试点政策通过创新型和改进型绿色技术创新、降低能源消费强度促进绿色经济效率,同时会增加能源消费规模进而抑制绿色经济效率;(4)双试点政策对周围100～900 km以内区域的绿色经济效率产生显著的正向空间溢出效应。本文丰富了环境政策协同对绿色经济效率的影响研究,为政策的有效实施、推动减污降碳协同增效提供科学支持。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BACTERIAL TRANSPORT MODEL FOR COARSE SOILS1

ABSTRACT: A bacterial transport model, developed to analyze bacterial translocation in coarse-grained soils, is presented. The complex governing equation is presented first, followed by analyses of each of the major processes influencing bacterial transport. These analyses suggest simplification of the governing equation is feasible when input data on specific processes are limited or unavailable. Model parameters, including bacterial die-off, bacterial distribution, input bacterial concentration, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, were randomly generated using a procedure known to produce either a normal or log-normal distribution of random numbers. Monte Carlo simulations were completed, and the resulting output was used to generate cumulative frequency distributions showing the probability of bacterial transport beyond various soil depths. Results from these simulations indicate that bacteria have a high probability of traveling through coarse-grained soils when low clay content and soil water temperatures limit bacterial retention and die-off.