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651.
Michael B. Sonnen Donald E. Evenson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(2):447-460
ABSTRACT: Prediction of future water demands depends on the degree to which conservation effects can be anticipated. A model developed for the Corps of Engineers shows that choosing a numerical conservation target to be achieved is more meaningful and yields more predictable results than price or price elasticity manipulations. The method developed and then applied to the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu considers the following determinants of demand: geographic distribution of the users, indoor and outdoor requirements, time - by year and month of the year, precipitation, historical unit usage rates, gross and irrigable acreage of land uses, price for water, elasticity of demand with respect to price, source of the water supply (local private supplies vs. agency supplies), and the percentage conservation savings anticipated in each future period in indoor and outdoor uses of water in each of 40 possible land uses. While developed for use in Hawaii, the model is applicable generally. 相似文献
652.
赵历男 《中国人口.资源与环境》2003,13(2):88-91
本文在分析我国城市可持续发展对智能运输系统管理规划的需求的基础上,指出了我国城市交通存在的问题,并根据我国城市的特点,提出了制定城市智能运输系统管理规划的原则和注意事项,并对城市智能运输系统管理规划的总体结构和总体配置,以及实施步骤提出了设想。 相似文献
653.
D. J. Bernardo N. K. Whittlesey K. E. Saxton D. L. Bassett 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):149-157
ABSTRACT: A two-stage simulation/mathematical programming model was developed to derive irrigation water values that reflect efficient response to reduced water supplies. The failure of many previous water valuation studies to represent the dynamic dimension of irrigation was shown to result in overestimation of derived water values. Water values are also shown to be dramatically influenced by both application system characteristics, as well as the relative costs of irrigation inputs. Finally, the marginal value of irrigation water was shown to vary considerably over the irrigation season, reaching its maximum when atmospheric demand is highest and crops are most susceptible to water stress. Results presented should be of interest to policymakers investigating the viability of alternative water reallocation mechanisms. 相似文献
654.
A lab-scale intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor(IASBR)was applied to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater(ADSW)to explore the removal characteristics of veterinary antibiotics.The removal rates of 11 veterinary antibiotics in the reactor were investigated under different chemical organic demand(COD)volumetric loadings,solid retention times(SRT)and ratios of COD to total nitrogen(TN)or COD/TN.Both sludge sorption and biodegradation were found to be the major contributors to the removal of veterinary antibiotics.Mass balance analysis revealed that greater than 60%of antibiotics in the influent were biodegraded in the IASBR,whereas averagely 24%were adsorbed by sludge under the condition that sludge sorption gradually reached its equilibrium.Results showed that the removal of antibiotics was greatly influenced by chemical oxygen demand(COD)volumetric loadings,which could achieve up to 85.1%±1.4%at 0.17±0.041 kg COD/m-3/day,while dropped to 75.9%±1.3%and 49.3%±12.1%when COD volumetric loading increased to 0.65±0.032 and1.07±0.073 kg COD/m-3/day,respectively.Tetracyclines,the dominant antibiotics in ADSW,were removed by 87.9%in total at the lowest COD loading,of which 30.4%were contributed by sludge sorption and 57.5%by biodegradation,respectively.In contrast,sulfonamides were removed about 96.2%,almost by biodegradation.Long SRT seemed to have little obvious impact on antibiotics removal,while a shorter SRT of 30–40 day could reduce the accumulated amount of antibiotics and the balanced antibiotics sorption capacity of sludge.Influent COD/TN ratio was found not a key impact factor for veterinary antibiotics removal in this work. 相似文献
655.
Michael Parker James G. Thompson Robert R. Reynolds Michael D. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(2):257-263
ABSTRACT: The power of computers has increased in recent decades, and one might expect improved management to result because decisions can be made with understanding available only via models. However, there is potential for quite the opposite: poor decisions due to unrealistic model output generated by users without access to appropriate training in the use of models. We discuss and, by reference to water demand models (IWR-MAIN, MWD-MAIN), illustrate three areas in which unintended errors of judgment by untrained personnel may cause difficulty:
- * Attributes of management models; if output from any type of model has no measure of confidence, then results may be over- or undervalued
- * Input data; with complex models, problems here typically will be difficult to detect.
- * Calibration and history-matching (verification); if these steps or data are combined, then users should be less trustful of model output than otherwise.
656.
Activity monitoring for nitrifying bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization and respirometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The activities of two families of nitrifying bacteria weremeasured by applied respirometer and fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH) for the purpose of monitoring nitrogenremoval. Oxygen uptake rates (OUR) for Nitrosomonas andNitrobacter were separately measured with the dosing ofselective inhibitors during respirometric monitoring. The FISHmethod was applied to analyze microorganism communities. In 5mg NH4
+-N/L solution, the total nitrogen oxygendemand (NOD) was found to be 6,672 mg DO/L-day with ammoniaand nitrite oxidation rate of 4,512 and 2,160 mg DO/L-day,respectively. The oxygen consumption by endogenous oxidationwas 288 mg DO/L-day and the biological oxygen demand 936 mgDO/L-day. Respirometric measurements were well matched by theFISH result, which described the presence and quantity of eachnitrifying bacteria as nitrification proceeded. It was foundthat when coupled with OUR data, FISH could provide valuableinformation about the nitrogen removal process in manypractical wastewater treatment systems. 相似文献
657.
658.
本文在中国高等教育和环境保护的大背景下,分析了中国高职环境教育的迫切性与重要性,探讨了高职环境教育的中国特色及其内涵,并指出了中国环境管理干部学院如何走中国特色的高职环境教育发展之路。 相似文献
659.
简要分析了转移、安置在应急管理与救灾实践中的重要意义。在分析转移、安置要素的基础上,结合灾害脆弱性分析提出了转移、安置规模和程度模型,讨论了人为决策影响因素对模型的影响,较好地体现了自然因素和人为因素的综合作用。根据对转移、安置的发生进程的分析,提出了转移、安置分级的概念并进行了简单的分级,阐述了转移、安置中的资源需求。在这些工作的基础上,进一步分析了我国当前转移、安置财政补助机制的优缺点,提出了基于上述模型和分级标准的改进建议。 相似文献
660.
快速测定腈纶废水中COD_(Cr)的实验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通常采用重铬酸钾加热回流的标准方法测定化学需氧量(CODCr),但该方法的消解时间长,操作繁琐,难以满足当前环境监测的要求,为此研究了用微波消解法测定腈纶废水中的化学需氧量。实验结果表明,微波消解法的最佳消解时间为15 min,硫酸-硫酸银的最佳用量为3.00 mL。用该方法与标准方法测得腈纶原水、生化处理后废水的COD值相对误差分别为0.04、0.19,具有较高的精密度。该方法用于腈纶废水COD的测定时操作简便,经济、省时、省力。 相似文献