河北省城市水资源利用绩效评估与需水量估算研究

从公共服务部门标杆管理思想出发,构建了2007—2014年中国地级以上城市水资源利用效率标杆体系,并以此为评估依据,对河北省地级以上城市2007—2014年水资源利用效率展开评估,识别各个城市万元GDP水耗、万元工业总产值水耗、人均综合水耗和人均生活水耗在全国所有地级以上城市和不同类型范围城市中的具体位置和变化趋势;并在此基础上对城市水资源利用效率标杆体系进行历史趋势外推,将标杆预测结果作为河北省各城市节水效率管理目标,结合河北省人口数量增长和社会经济发展规划目标,估算了"十三五"期末2020年河北省地级以上城市需水量,以期为指导河北省地级以上城市"以水定城"发展战略的制定提供参考依据.结果显示:河北省唐山市、沧州市、廊坊市万元GDP水耗一直处于全国先进水平;仅沧州市万元工业总产值水耗一直处于全国先进水平;保定市、沧州市和衡水市的人均综合水耗一直处于全国先进水平;保定市、沧州市、张家口市、石家庄市、秦皇岛市、邢台市的人均生活水耗一直处于全国先进水平;预计到"十三五"期末,河北省地级以上城市市辖区工业需水总量减少为8.81亿m~3,居民生活需水量增加为4.26亿m~3,城市总用水量增加为16.94亿m~3.     

Removal of veterinary antibiotics from anaerobically digested swine wastewater using an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor

A lab-scale intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor(IASBR)was applied to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater(ADSW)to explore the removal characteristics of veterinary antibiotics.The removal rates of 11 veterinary antibiotics in the reactor were investigated under different chemical organic demand(COD)volumetric loadings,solid retention times(SRT)and ratios of COD to total nitrogen(TN)or COD/TN.Both sludge sorption and biodegradation were found to be the major contributors to the removal of veterinary antibiotics.Mass balance analysis revealed that greater than 60%of antibiotics in the influent were biodegraded in the IASBR,whereas averagely 24%were adsorbed by sludge under the condition that sludge sorption gradually reached its equilibrium.Results showed that the removal of antibiotics was greatly influenced by chemical oxygen demand(COD)volumetric loadings,which could achieve up to 85.1%±1.4%at 0.17±0.041 kg COD/m-3/day,while dropped to 75.9%±1.3%and 49.3%±12.1%when COD volumetric loading increased to 0.65±0.032 and1.07±0.073 kg COD/m-3/day,respectively.Tetracyclines,the dominant antibiotics in ADSW,were removed by 87.9%in total at the lowest COD loading,of which 30.4%were contributed by sludge sorption and 57.5%by biodegradation,respectively.In contrast,sulfonamides were removed about 96.2%,almost by biodegradation.Long SRT seemed to have little obvious impact on antibiotics removal,while a shorter SRT of 30–40 day could reduce the accumulated amount of antibiotics and the balanced antibiotics sorption capacity of sludge.Influent COD/TN ratio was found not a key impact factor for veterinary antibiotics removal in this work.     

USE AND MISUSE OF COMPLEX MODELS: EXAMPLES FROM WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The power of computers has increased in recent decades, and one might expect improved management to result because decisions can be made with understanding available only via models. However, there is potential for quite the opposite: poor decisions due to unrealistic model output generated by users without access to appropriate training in the use of models. We discuss and, by reference to water demand models (IWR-MAIN, MWD-MAIN), illustrate three areas in which unintended errors of judgment by untrained personnel may cause difficulty:

• * Attributes of management models; if output from any type of model has no measure of confidence, then results may be over- or undervalued
• * Input data; with complex models, problems here typically will be difficult to detect.
• * Calibration and history-matching (verification); if these steps or data are combined, then users should be less trustful of model output than otherwise.

Because all models have weaknesses and because there always is uncertainty about output from any model, we end with suggestions for coping with complex models. Monitoring programs play a central role in such efforts because they can identify discrepancies between model predictions and actual events and because they can ensure time is available to develop solutions for problems unanticipated in the modeling effort.     

Activity monitoring for nitrifying bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization and respirometry

The activities of two families of nitrifying bacteria weremeasured by applied respirometer and fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH) for the purpose of monitoring nitrogenremoval. Oxygen uptake rates (OUR) for Nitrosomonas andNitrobacter were separately measured with the dosing ofselective inhibitors during respirometric monitoring. The FISHmethod was applied to analyze microorganism communities. In 5mg NH₄ ⁺-N/L solution, the total nitrogen oxygendemand (NOD) was found to be 6,672 mg DO/L-day with ammoniaand nitrite oxidation rate of 4,512 and 2,160 mg DO/L-day,respectively. The oxygen consumption by endogenous oxidationwas 288 mg DO/L-day and the biological oxygen demand 936 mgDO/L-day. Respirometric measurements were well matched by theFISH result, which described the presence and quantity of eachnitrifying bacteria as nitrification proceeded. It was foundthat when coupled with OUR data, FISH could provide valuableinformation about the nitrogen removal process in manypractical wastewater treatment systems.     

用二级絮凝强化技术处理钻井污水研究

絮凝沉降法是国内外普遍采用的钻井污水处理方法。对辽河油田的钻井污水采用二次絮凝处理工艺进行了实验。该油田钻井污水处理中选用CaCl2作为一级絮凝剂,利用离心强化固液分离法,污染物的脱除效率高,处理时间短。用二级絮凝强化技术处理钻井污水时采用了调质剂C和助凝剂D与絮凝剂PAC或LX复配,出水中铬的化学需氧量低于150mg/L,处理后的水质满足排放标准。     

论中国特色的高职环境教育--兼谈中国环境管理干部学院发展之路

本文在中国高等教育和环境保护的大背景下，分析了中国高职环境教育的迫切性与重要性，探讨了高职环境教育的中国特色及其内涵，并指出了中国环境管理干部学院如何走中国特色的高职环境教育发展之路。     

中国自然灾害转移、安置的财政补助机制

简要分析了转移、安置在应急管理与救灾实践中的重要意义。在分析转移、安置要素的基础上，结合灾害脆弱性分析提出了转移、安置规模和程度模型，讨论了人为决策影响因素对模型的影响，较好地体现了自然因素和人为因素的综合作用。根据对转移、安置的发生进程的分析，提出了转移、安置分级的概念并进行了简单的分级，阐述了转移、安置中的资源需求。在这些工作的基础上，进一步分析了我国当前转移、安置财政补助机制的优缺点，提出了基于上述模型和分级标准的改进建议。     

快速测定腈纶废水中COD_(Cr)的实验研究

通常采用重铬酸钾加热回流的标准方法测定化学需氧量(CODCr),但该方法的消解时间长,操作繁琐,难以满足当前环境监测的要求,为此研究了用微波消解法测定腈纶废水中的化学需氧量。实验结果表明,微波消解法的最佳消解时间为15 min,硫酸-硫酸银的最佳用量为3.00 mL。用该方法与标准方法测得腈纶原水、生化处理后废水的COD值相对误差分别为0.04、0.19,具有较高的精密度。该方法用于腈纶废水COD的测定时操作简便,经济、省时、省力。     

碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量有关问题的释疑

最常见的化学需氧量(COD)的测定方法是铬酸钾法和高锰酸钾法。但用上述两种方法测定废水中COD时易受到氯离子的干扰。为此,提出了用“碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法”消除氯离子干扰的机理。对碘化钾高锰酸钾法验证的结果表明,该方法适用于测定油气田和炼化企业高氯、低氯废水的COD。求出用碘化钾高锰酸钾法与铬酸钾法测定的COD比值,可将碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾测定法的CODOH.KI换算成铬酸钾法的CODCr值来衡量水体的有机物污染情况及判断废水是否达到排放标准。