HAZOP分析中LOPA的应用研究

通过分析危险与可操作性研究(HAZOP)方法的不足和保护层分析(LOPA)方法的功能,提出将LOPA融入HAZOP分析中,能进一步提高HAZOP的事故预防能力和丰富HAZOP的分析结果。介绍LOPA基本方法,阐述LOPA融入HAZOP的机理、衔接关系及分析步骤,并通过一个化工工艺流程危险性分析实例说明LOPA的作用及如何将LOPA融入HAZOP分析中。结果表明:在HAZOP分析中融入LOPA方法,能实现对现有保护措施的可靠性进行量化评估,确定其消除或降低风险的能力,从而寻求是否需要附加减少风险的安全保护措施。     

面向救灾物资需求特征的自然灾害应急响应

对救灾物资需求的数量、时间、地域、结构和运输特征进行分析,得到自然灾害应急响应下的救灾物资配送方案。通过选择合适的属性指标表达灾区及物资的差异性,并使用多目标规划的方法构建了物资配送模型,实现救灾物资在灾区的合理、公平分配。以玉树地震关键救援期下的救灾物资配送为例检验物资配送模型,结果在灾区紧急指数较高的地区反映了灾区救灾物资的差异性,而在灾区紧急指数较低且相差不大的地区体现了物资配送的公平性。与传统商业物流配送模型的优化结果比较,验证了救灾物资配送模型的有效性与合理性。     

有机污染物在大连近海海水中生物降解速度的研究

研究了４种特征有机污染物在大连近海海水中生物降解的动力学,通过大天然海水中分别加入有机物苯,硝基苯,苯胺和苯酚,实验测定了它们在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ,０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ及１ｍｇ／Ｌ等几组不同浓度下的ＢＯＤ及其历时曲线,根据实验结果,经数据处理,得到同物的生物降解动力学参数Ｋ和Ｌ０,应用一级反应动力学表示的ＢＯＤ数学模式Ｙ＝Ｌ０（１－１０＾ｋｔ）较好表达了ＢＯＤ随时间的变化规律,计算结果与实测     

特色育人和谐发展——试析中国环境管理干部学院办学理念

中国环境管理干部学院在各项工作中实践着特色育人的思想.学院坚持“以服务社会需求为导向,以提高教育教学质量为核心,以培养高素质、高技能人才为根本,培养大学精神,积淀大学文化,铸就大学灵魂,彰显环境教育特色,创建绿色和谐校园“的办学理念,发挥了环境教育特色所带来的优势,注重遵循教育发展的规律,取得了可喜的办学成绩.     

COD快速测定法

以用时30min的半微量密闭微波消解法取代COD国标测定中的重铬酸钾回流法,改进后的方法精密度小于5．15％,准确度达到102％,COD测定下限为51mg／L。该法节省时间、取样量少、成本低,适用于大批量水样的快速测定。     

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT OF WATER IN ONTARIO MUNICIPALITIES: STATUS,PROGRESS, AND OPPORTUNITIES1

ABSTRACT: Demand side management is being used increasingly by Ontario municipalities as a way to improve the efficiency of water use, defer the costs associated with constructing new water treatment works, and minimize the environmental impacts associated with supplying water. A comprehensive survey of 153 Ontario municipalities was completed in mid‐1998. These ranged in size from small rural townships (with populations as low as 500 people) to the province's largest urban center, Metropolitan Toronto, with a population of approximately 2.5 million people. The questionnaire measured the use of six broad types of demand side measures, including water pricing and metering; municipal by‐laws (ordinances) that promote water conservation; operational and maintenance measures to reduce water losses and consumption; water‐saving plumbing fixtures and devices; public participation programs that encourage water conservation; and other measures, such as water audits. Additionally, the survey collected data on implementation barriers and opportunities. Since the last comprehensive Ontario survey, conducted in 1987 by Kreutzwiser and Fea‐gan (1989), there has been an increase in the use of basic tools such as metering and pricing, plumbing fixtures, and public participation programs. Additionally, new initiatives, such as water audits and computerized monitoring equipment, are being used. However, in many areas opportunities exist to make better use of demand side measures. Unfortunately, municipal capacity to do so often is constrained by (among other factors) limited finances, lack of political will, and public resistance. Demonstration of real cost savings to consumers, and the development of specific goals and objectives for demand side management programs, are two important steps needed to overcome these challenges.     

消费价值差对绿色消费行为意向的影响

文章基于文献分析,提出了消费价值差模型,并以此结合量表和结构方程模型来检验消费价值差对消费者绿色商品的消费意向与市场需求的影响。研究结果说明,消费价值差越大,绿色消费行为意向和市场需求程度越低,其中效用价值差与环境价值差的反向影响最大。鉴于上述结论,政府及企业在制定相关政策及设计推广绿色商品时,应重视消费者的认知和情感需求,并针对不同群体开展具有差异性的环保宣教工作。     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

关于湖南电力安全稳定供应的对策研究

2003年以来,湖南省电力供需矛盾十分突出,为此,笔者分析了近年来湖南省缺电的原因:电力工业与国民经济发展速度比例失调;电源结构不合理——水电占大头却受降雨影响很大,部分地区干旱导致水力发电减少,火力发电煤炭供应不足;行业管理体系和项目审批体制造成了电力需求与电力建设难以匹配;电网结构不合理,电被堵在路上,难以从外省借电等。指出解决湖南省缺电现状应该合理规划、适度地扩大本省电能生产,合理调配煤炭,保障电能生产的能源供应,扩大省外电能的输入或与周边地区协力开发能源,加强电网规划和电网建设,开发利用新能源,同时应推行节约用电措施,确保电力的安全稳定供应和可持续发展。     

DEMAND PROJECTIONS CONSIDERING CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: Prediction of future water demands depends on the degree to which conservation effects can be anticipated. A model developed for the Corps of Engineers shows that choosing a numerical conservation target to be achieved is more meaningful and yields more predictable results than price or price elasticity manipulations. The method developed and then applied to the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu considers the following determinants of demand: geographic distribution of the users, indoor and outdoor requirements, time - by year and month of the year, precipitation, historical unit usage rates, gross and irrigable acreage of land uses, price for water, elasticity of demand with respect to price, source of the water supply (local private supplies vs. agency supplies), and the percentage conservation savings anticipated in each future period in indoor and outdoor uses of water in each of 40 possible land uses. While developed for use in Hawaii, the model is applicable generally.